Ch 2

Question 1

The more H+ makes body fluids more

Answer 1

Acidic

Question 2

Generates action potentials (neural impulses)

Answer 2

Potassium

Question 3

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element

Answer 3

Atoms

Question 4

Which structure separates thoracic cavity from the abdominalpelvic cavity

Answer 4

The diaphragm

Question 5

Isotopes

Answer 5

Same element, different number of neutrons

Question 6

(Radioactive isotopes) half life

Answer 6

Time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay into a more stable form

Question 7

Ion

Answer 7

An atom that has lost or gained an electron. Positive or negative charge. Ex: Ca2+

Question 8

Molecule

Answer 8

Two or more atoms sharing electrons. Ex: O2

Question 9

Compound

Answer 9

A substance that can be broken down into two or more different elements. Ex: H2O or NaCl

Question 10

Have an impaired electron in its outermost shell. Sources include UV rays from sunlight, ozone, x-rays, pollution, cigarette smoke.

Answer 10

Free radicals

Question 11

Inactivates oxygen derived free radicals. Ex: Diet foods rich in selenium, vitamin C, zinc, beta carotene: fruits and vegetables

Answer 11

Antioxidants

Question 12

Electronegativity

Answer 12

Ability to attract electrons

Question 13

When does a chemical bond occur?

Answer 13

When atoms are held together by forces of attraction

Question 14

What determines the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom?

Answer 14

The number of electrons in the valance shell

Question 15

Ionic bonds

Answer 15

Bonds between positively charged and negatively charged atoms

Question 16

Ionic bonds are super strong by themselves, but are able to break into individual + and - ions by:

Answer 16

Electrolytes

Question 17

Covalent bonds

Answer 17

Two or more atoms share electrons instead of transferring them

Question 18

Is water polar or non-polar?

Answer 18

Polar

Question 19

Synthesis reactions – anabolism

Answer 19

When two or more ions, atoms or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

Question 20

Decomposition reactions- catabolism

Answer 20

When large molecules are split into smaller atoms, ions, atoms or molecules

Question 21

Exchange reactions

Answer 21

Includes both synthesis and decomposition reaction. Just exchanging.

Question 22

Oxidation reduction reactions

Answer 22

These reactions transfer electrons between atoms and molecules, and always a curtain parallel. Oxidation – loss of electrons and energy release. Reduction – gain of electrons and energy gain. (OIL RIG)

Question 23

Exergonic reactions

Answer 23

Release more energy than they absorb

Question 24

Endergonic reactions

Answer 24

Absorb more energy than they release

Question 25

Activation energy

Answer 25

Energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

Question 26

Catalysts

Answer 26

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for reaction to occur

Question 27

Are unchanged no matter what even after reaction

Answer 27

Enzymes

Question 28

Is water considered inorganic or organic?

Answer 28

Inorganic

Question 29

Water is added to break bonds

Answer 29

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 30

Water is removed to make bonds

Answer 30

Dehydration synthesis reaction

Question 31

Solution

Answer 31

Solutes in a solution that are evenly dispersed. Ex: water and salt

Question 32

Colloid

Answer 32

Particles are large enough to scatter light. 

Question 33

Suspension

Answer 33

Material me mixed together, but will eventually separate out. EX: water and oil.

Question 34

Acids

Answer 34

Dissociate into one or more hydronium ions H+, protein donor

Question 35

Bases

Answer 35

Remove H+ from solution, and is a proton acceptor, can dissociate into hydroxyl ions OH–

Question 36

Salt

Answer 36

Dissociate into cations and anions in solution

Question 37

0-6 pH Highest concentration of H+

Answer 37

Acidic

Question 38

8-14 pH Highest concentration of OH –

Answer 38

Basic

Question 39

7 pH

Answer 39

Neutral

Question 40

Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 40

Reversible action

Question 41

Non-digestible. Fiber, cleans out body organs.

Answer 41

Cellulose

Question 42

Polysaccharides

Answer 42

From tends to hundreds of monosaccharides, joined by dehydration synthesis. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Question 43

Ends in -ose

Answer 43

Some kind of carbohydrate/sugar

Question 44

Disaccharides are made by

Answer 44

Dehydration, synthesis reaction – water is made in the process

Question 45

Main polysaccharide

Answer 45

Glycogen

Question 46

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 46

Hydrophobic/ nonpolar

Question 47

Lipids require transport proteins called ______, in order to travel in the blood 

Answer 47

Lipoproteins

Question 48

Most important type of lipid

Answer 48

Steroid: cholesterol

Question 49

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 49

Double bonds. Oil

Question 50

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 50

Solid at room temp

Question 51

Phospholipids

Answer 51

Amphipathic. Polar head, nonpolar tails

Question 52

What are the major lipids of the body?

Answer 52

Phospholipids, triglycerides, fatty acids, steroids

Question 53

Amino acids are bonded by

Answer 53

Peptide bonds, through dehydration synthesis

Question 54

Primary structure

Answer 54

1D, amino acids joined by covalent peptide bonds

Question 55

Secondary

Answer 55

2D, A helices and B pleated sheets. H bonds

Question 56

Tertiary

Answer 56

3-D shape of a polypeptide chain that determines function. Contains disulfide bonds, H bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions 

Question 57

Quaternary structure

Answer 57

Bonds hold peptide chains together. Different and many.

Question 58

Denaturation

Answer 58

Protein unravels and loses its shape

Question 59

Ends in -ase

Answer 59

Enzymes (proteins)

Question 60

How does the cell produce ATP?

Answer 60

Through cellular respiration

Question 61

Anaerobic

Answer 61

Without oxygen

Question 62

Aerobic

Answer 62

Requires oxygen