Exm 3 (ch 12) Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What is in the central nervous system?
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
What is in the peripheral nervous system? 
A
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, enteric plexuses in the small intestine, and sensory receptors in the skin 
3
Q
Motor output of the PNS
A
Autonomic Nervous System(involuntary) —>sympathetic division, parasympathetic, and enteric plexuses
Sympathetic—> “fight or flight” —> smooth, muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Parasympathetic —> “rest and digest”—> smooth, muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Enteric plexuses—> “rest and digest”—> smooth muscles, and glands of the digestive canal
Somatic Nervous System(voluntary)—> skeletal muscle
4
Q
Sensory input for PNS
A
Somatic senses and special senses
5
Q
Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
A
Integrative
6
Q
Respond to stimuli via effectors and control of muscles/glands, maintain homeostasis in autonomic nervous system
A
Motor
7
Q
bundle of axons that lies outside the brain and spinal cord
A
Nerves (in PNS)
8
Q
fibers bring information to the CNS from general/somatic
and special senses
A
Sensory (afferent) (in PNS)
9
Q
fibers conveys information from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
• Autonomic vs. somatic
A
Motor (efferent)
10
Q
Afferent
A
Senses
11
Q
Efferent
A
Motor
12
Q
conveys information from the CNS to skeletal muscle ONLY, voluntary
A
Somatic(SNS)
13
Q
from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, involuntary
A
Autonomic(ANS)
14
Q
“fight or flight” response
A
Sympathetic
15
Q
“rest and digest” response
A
Parasympathetic
16
Q
network of neurons controlling digestion, can function
independently but still interacts with other branches of the ANS
A
Enteric plexuses
17
Q
What is the functional cell of nervous tissue?
A
Neurons
18
Q
Neural impulse through neurons are called
A
Action potentials
19
Q
receives electrical signals
A
Dendrites
20
Q
contains nucleus and organelles
A
Cell body
21
Q
clusters of rough ER and free
ribosomes
A
Nissl bodies
22
Q
where the axon joins the cell body in a cone-shaped elevation
A
Axon hillock
23
Q
propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron
A
Axon
24
Q
unipolar/pseudounipolar are sensory or motor?
A
SENSORY
25
What cells are found in the cerebellum in dendritic branching
Purkinje cells
26
What cells are found in the
cerebral cortex in dendritic branching
Pyramidal cells
27
usually unipolar
o Conveys information to the CNS
Sensory/Afferent neurons
28
usually multipolar
o Conveys action potential from the CNS
Motor/Efferent neurons
29
usually multipolar
o Process sensory information and elicit motor response
Interneurons/Association neurons
30
Support the CNS
Neuroglia
31
tumors from glia that are super malignant and grow rapidly
Gliomas
32
Neuroglia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells PNS or CNS?
CNS
33
Neuroglia: Schwann cells and satellite cells
CNS or PNS?
PNS
34
many extensions like a star, uses
extensions to wrap around, bind, and provide structural support to the CNS
Astrocytes
35
line the CNS fluid filled cavities (ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord) and are the epithelial cells of the CNS, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus
Ependymal cells
36
produce myelin “white matter”
• One of these produces myelin for several different axons
Oligodendrocytes
37
removes cellular debris,
phagocytoses microbes and damaged tissue
Microglia
38
produce myelin sheath in the PNS
• A single of these cells produces myelin for only one axon
Schwann cells (neurolemmocyte)
39
surround cell bodies of
neurons in the PNS ganglia and
regulate the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
Satellite cells
40
Cell bodies from most neurons are called _____ when found in clusters in the PNS – the glia found here are the satellite cells
Ganglia
41
The myelin sheath is produced by ______ and ______ and it surrounds the axons of most neurons
Schwann cells (PNS), oligodendrocytes (CNS)
42
The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell is the
Neurolemma
43
Cell bodies (hint which mater)
Grey mater
44
Axons that have been myelinated (hint which mater)
White mater
45
Is grey and white mater inside or outside of the spinal cord?
Grey mater inside and white outside
46
Is grey and white mater inside or outside of the brain?
Grey outside white inside
47
What they call a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS and PNS
Nucleus, ganglion
48
Bundles of axons in the CNS and PNS
tracts, Nerves
49
allow communication over short and long distances whereas
Action potentials
50
allow communication
over short distances only
Graded potentials
51
Production of an AP or a GP depends upon
the existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels
52
allow specific ions to move across the plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient - a concentration difference plus and electrical difference that is established by a Na+/K+ ATPase pump that uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions across the membrane out of the cell and subsequently brings 2 K+ ions back into the cell. (Needs an unequal distribution of charges through Na+/K+ ATPase pump)
Ion channels
53
So there is generally a more ____ charge outside the cell than inside the cell – separation of charges creates a_______ with lots of potential energy
Positive. resting membrane potential
54
alternate between open and closed
• K+ channels are more numerous than Na + channels
Leak channels
55
respond to chemical stimuli (…… binds to receptor)
Ligand-gated channels. Ligand
56
respond to mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli. Ex: stretch receptors
Mechanically-gated channels
57
respond to direct changes in membrane potential
Voltage-gated channels
58
fewer Na+ leak channels but some still gets into the cell which would disrupt the membrane potential BUT, offset by Na+/K+ ATPase that pushes 3 Na+ out for every 2K+ in so Na+ is pumped out as fast as it leaks in. (THIS CAUSES THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE MEMBRANE)
Na+/K+ pumps
59
Hyperpolarized makes it more (negative/positive?) and more polarized
Negative
60
Depolarizing graded potentials make the membrane less polarized and the inside (less/more?) negative
Less
61
the process by which
graded potentials can add together to
become larger in amplitude
Summation
62
An _____ is a sequence of rapidly occurring
events that decrease and eventually reverse the
membrane potential and eventually restore it to the
resting state.
Action potential
63
An action potential is a what kind of response
All or nothing
64
minimum stimulus for a response
Threshold (- 55mV)
65
Resting membrane potential number
-70
66
Action potential actually starts at what number (threshold)
-50/55
67
Na+ in
Depolarization stage (-55 to+30)
68
K+ out
Repolarization phase (+30)
69
K+ gates slow to
close so hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization (-90)
70
Action potential stages
-Resting membrane potential: Voltage-gated Na* channels are in the resting state and voltage-gated K° channels are closed.
-Stimulus causes depolarization to threshold.
-Voltage-gated Na* channel activation gates are open.
-Voltage-gated K* channels are open; Na* channels are inactivating.
-Voltage-gated K* channels are still open; Na* channels are in the resting state.
71
All voltage-gated Na* and K+ channels are closed. The axon plasma membrane is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of negative charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of positive charges along outside surface of membrane.
Resting stage
72
When membrane potential of axon reaches threshold, the Na* channel activation gates open. As Na* ions move through these channels into the neuron, a buildup of positive charges forms along inside surface of membrane and the membrane becomes depolarized.
Depolarization phase
73
Na+ channel inactivation gates close and K* channels open. The membrane starts to become repolarized as some K* ions leave the neuron and a few negative charges begin to build up along the inside surface of the membrane.
Repolarizing phase begins
74
Ka+ outflow continues. As more K* ions leave the neuron, more negative charges build up along inside surface of membrane. K* outflow eventually restores resting membrane potential. Na* channel activation gates close and inactivation gates open. Return to resting state when K* gates close.
Re-polarizing phase continues 
75
the period after an action potential where the membrane cannot respond to a stimulus regardless of it’s strength
Absolute refractory period
76
the period of time during which a subsequent action potential can be triggered but requires a larger-than- normal stimulus
Relative refractory period
77
In order for communication to occur from one body part to another, action potentials must travel from where they arise at the ____. This traveling is called ____
trigger zone to the axon terminals. Propagation
78
Action potentials do not die, they keep their strength. And Propagation of Action Potentials is One-Way
Just notes
79
myelinated neuron “ leaps”
from nodes of Ranvier to
allow action potentials to
bypass large segments of
membrane
Saltatory conduction
80
Gap junctions connect cells and allow the transfer of
information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells
Electrical synapse
81
One-way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron
Chemical synapse
82
due to excitatory neurotransmitters
• A depolarizing postsynaptic potential
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
83
due to inhibitory neurotransmitters
• A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
84
Removal of Neurotransmitter
Diffusion, acetylcholinesterase, Re-uptake (exocytosis)
85
single presynaptic neuron uses
several graded potentials to release a little neurotransmitter each time (in a simple
circuit) (@ 1time)
Temporal summation
86
several presynaptic neurons
release neurotransmitter (converging circuit) (several diff neurons simulation a single neuron added together)
Spatial summation
87
What does acetylcholine do
Muscle contraction
88
What does amino acids do
glutamate (excitatory), aspartate, GABA, glycine(inhibitory) .(in brain, could cause disorders)
89
What does Biogenic amines/catecholamines do
epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine, serotonin. (Excitatory, makes you feel good)
90
What does nitric oxide and other purines do
Blood vessels
91
What does carbon monoxide do
Excitatory
92
neurotransmitters linked together
by peptide bonds
Neuropeptides
93
a presynaptic neuron stimulates a post-synaptic neuron. One to one ratio
Simple series
94
one presynaptic neuron influences several post-synaptic neurons. Simple to complex
Diverging
95
a post-synaptic neuron receives nerve impulses from several
different sources. Opposite of diverging
Converging
96
the incoming impulse stimulates the first neuron which
stimulates the second, which stimulates the third
Reverberating
97
a single presynaptic cell stimulates a group of
neurons that comes together and stimulates a common postsynaptic cell
Parallel after-discharge
98
the capability to change based on experience. Ex: the brain is very neroplastic
Plasticity
99
the capability to replicate or repair.
Regenerate
