Exm 4 (ch 14) Flashcards by Sarah Salinas

The development of the nervous system begins with a ___________, called the __________

Thickening of the ectoderm. Neural tube

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Mature brain has :

cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, pons, & medulla oblangata

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Meninges of brain from superficial to deep

Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter

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Outer layer of the dura mater is the ________ and is fused with the endosteum of the skull

periosteal layer

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Inner _______ is a space
for blood vessels and venous sinuses

meningeal layer

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has a subarachnoid space between it and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
produced from ventricles of
the brain

Arachnoid mater

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lies directly on the
surface of the brain

Pia mater

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Blood flows to the brain via what

the vertebral and carotid arteries

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Blood flows back to the heart via what

the jugular veins

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The brain utilizes about _____% of the body’s oxygen supply

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easily cross lipid bilayer along with LOTS of glucose via facilitated diffusion

Lipid-soluble substances (O2, CO2, steroid hormones, alcohol, barbiturates, nicotine, and caffeine)

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_____ junctions here between endothelial cells in BBB

Tight

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______ surround blood vessels and capillaries to form a physical barrier secreting substances that affect the permeability of vessels – make cells tighter here

Astrocytes

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_____: in the wall surrounding the third ventricle, monitor concentrations and conditions in the blood so they are less separated and more capable of responding to changes in
homeostasis.
Ex: hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland

Some brain structures lack a BBB

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The brain MUST use strictly _____ as it’s energy source!

Glucose

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Cellular respiration formula

Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + water + energy

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The brain is sensitive to all three but the adult brain is (less/more) (weak/sensitive) to CO2 buildup and H+ than it is to a drop in O2

More sensitive

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is a liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and it carries oxygen, glucose, and other important substances from the blood to nervous tissue cells

Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

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Flows through the subarachnoid space and surrounds the entire CNS and provides cushion and circulatory function (analogous to blood vessels elsewhere in the body), and chemical
protection to help allow action potentials

Csf

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What kind of cells produce cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

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____ of ventricles are small capillaries in each of the 4 ventricles that produce the CSF

Choroid plexus

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Four openings; one for the central canal and the rest for subarachnoid space

The third one in particular is for the central canal

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The Dura matter is composed of two layers

On top it’s periosteal layer, on bottom it’s meningeal layef

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The brain stem is composed of the:

Medulla oblangata, pons, midbrain

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decussate definition. And what contains it

Large motor tracks here are pyramids. Medulla oblangata

swellings on either side of the medulla where connects cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncles

Olives

Function of medulla oblongata

Involuntary heart rate, respiratory rate, blood flow(vasoconstriction), vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping

What extends from the foramen magnum to the pons

Medulla oblongata

Located superior to the medulla oblongata, and it links part of the brain with one another by way of tracts

Pons

Connected to the cerebellum through middle cerebellar peduncles

Pons

Function of pons

Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas (control of respiration chemically) . Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to cerebellum.

What is located superior to the pons and extends from the pons to the diencephalon

Midbrain

connect the midbrain to the cerebellum

Superior cerebellar perduncles

Corpora quadrigemina (mounds of tectum)

Superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

Reflexive movements of the eye

Superior colliculi

Reflexive movement of the head and trunk due to auditory - startle reflex

Inferior colliculi

Part in the midbrain. What deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease

Substantia nigra

• In grey matter of spinal cord, medulla, pons, and midbrain • The reticular formation helps regulate muscle tone, alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals, and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep

Reticular formation

The ____ occupies the interior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity, and consist of two hemispheres, and a central vermis

Cerebellum (looks like tree)

Function of the cerebellum

Skeletal muscle contractions, and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance

The group between the cerebrum and cerebellum

Transverse fissure

Transverse fissure with extension of Dura mater

Tentorium cerebelli

Dura Mater extension between two hemispheres (saggittal)

Falx cerebelli (the central vermis)

Internal white matter (axons) looks like a tree in the cerebellum

Arbor vitae

Horizontal ridges of gray matter (cell bodies) in the cerebellum are

Folia cerebelli

disturbance of balance caused by trauma or drugs/alcohol

Ataxia

Located between the midbrain and the cerebrum, has the third ventricle

Diencephalon

The diencephalon is composed of the:

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Relay station for sensory(except smell) and motor impulses. Ex: touch perception, pain perception, temperature and memory.

Thalamus

Is apart of the lambic system (emotion and memory)

Thalamus

Controls the autonomic nervous system to maintain homeostasis. • Eating, drinking, thirst, satiety, circadian rhythms, hormone production, body temperature

Hypothalamus

Is apart of the lambic system (rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, sexual arousal)

Hypothalamus

Located above the third ventricle and houses the pineal gland and posterior commissure

Epithalamus

secretes melatonin

Pineal gland

connects the cerebrum and the midbrain

Posterior commissure

Emotional response to odors

Habenular nuclei

What structures lack a blood brain barrier

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland

Where conscious thought and intellect come from

Cerebrum

What is the cerebral cortex?

The outer portion of the cerebrum

The cerebral cortex is composed of what matter which contains billions of cell bodies .

Grey

(Cerebrum) Deep areas of gray surrounded by white matter are called

Basal nuclei or cerebral nuclei

Gyri

Ridges (the mountains)

Sulci

Grooves

What separates the brain in the middle

Longitudinal fissure

extensions of dura mater down into the longitudinal fissure

Falx cerebri

Deep to the cortex is what matter composed of axons of neurons that connect parts of the brain to each other and the spinal cord

White

A bundle of white matter tracts called the what connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

corpus callosum

The frontal lobe of the brain is separated by the

Central sulcus

The most posterior part of the frontal lobe is the

Precentral gyrus

The most anterior part of the parietal lobe is the

Postcentral gyrus

Temporal lobe is separated by the ______ • Contains gray matter called insula or island of Reil

lateral fissure

( Lobes) planning, problem solving, language, motor cortex

Frontal lobe

(Lobe) somatosensory cortex

Parietal lobe

(Lobe) hearing, smell, memory, emotion, some language aspects

Temporal lobe

(Lobe) primary visual cortex

Occipital lobe

(Lobe) lots of effects. Deep to temporal, frontal, parietal

Insula

Broca’s area and Wernicke's area are in what brain hemisphere

Left

Axons in the cns are called

Tracts

Axons in the pns are called

Nerves

connect gyri in the same hemisphere

Association fibers

connect gyri in opposite hemispheres (corpus callosum is the largest)

Commissural fibers

Ascending and descending fibers are

Projection fibers

The ____ are paired masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere that coordinate movement

basal nuclei

_____ helps initiate and terminate movements, suppresses unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone.

Corpus striatum

What are the primary organs involved in the limbic system?

Hippocampus and amygdala

Hippocampus

Memory

Amygdala

Aggression and fear

Sensory areas – primary sensory area is in the

Postcentral gyrus

postcentral gyrus in insula control

Taste

evaluate and interpret sensory information (surrounds the sensory)

Association areas

speech production, above the lateral fissure

Broca’s area

difficulty producing speech but can understand and comprehend language

Brocas aphasia

language comprehension and the ability to put language together in a way that makes sense

Wernickes area

have the ability to produce speech fluently but language is incomprehensible to others

Wernicke’s aphasia

deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence

Association area

promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.

Limbic system