ch 21 - blood vessels study guide

Question 1

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Answer 1

arteries:
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
thicker walls
smaller lumen

veins
carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
thinner walls
wider lumen
has valves

Question 2

three layers of blood vessel structure

Answer 2

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

Question 3

tunica intima

Answer 3

inner layer, thin layer

has a simple squamous endothelial lining, smooth muscle and an external elastic membrane

Question 4

tunica media

Answer 4

middle layer
thicker area
made up of smooth muscle and connective tissue

Question 5

tunica externa & what tissue it’s made of

Answer 5

outer layer
made of connective tissue

Question 6

What are elastic arteries

Answer 6

conducting arteries located closets to the heart with more elastic in tunica media

Question 7

elastic artery example

Answer 7

aorta

Question 8

elastic vs muscular artery

Answer 8

muscular tissue have more muscular tissue, known as distributing arteries, medium size instead of largest size, draws blood from elastic arteries

Question 9

What are arterioles and their role in vascular tree

Answer 9

smallest branches of arteries that lead to capillary beds

Question 10

What is the role of Precapillary sphincter?

Answer 10

smooth muscle that help direct bloodflow into capillaries.

Question 11

What are the three different types of capillaries?

Answer 11

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids

Question 12

continous capilalries

Answer 12

most common type of capillary made up of endothelial cells. cells sit close together (continuously)

Question 13

fenestrated capillaries

Answer 13

capillaries with small pores/openings that allow larger molecules to move

Question 14

sinusoids capillaries

Answer 14

capillaries with large gaps between endothelial cells, allowing for the easy passage of large molecules

Question 15

What are varicose veins? How are they formed?

Answer 15

varicose veins form when valves dont work properly, causing blood to pool in the veins and become distended

Question 16

the different types of Starling’s forces

Answer 16

hydrostatic pressure: pushes fluid out of capillaries

oncotic pressure: pulls fluid back into capillaries

Question 17

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Answer 17

the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and the net osmotic pressure

Question 18

net pressure at arterial end

Answer 18

NFP is 10 mmHg

Question 19

net pressure at venous end

Answer 19

NFP is -7 mmHg

Question 20

What happens to the fluid that could not be reabsorbed?
(2 options)

Answer 20

stays in the tissues causing swelling and water retention

lymphatic system carries back remaining tissue

Question 21

Which blood vessels are called capacitance vessels or the blood reservoirs?

Answer 21

veins

Question 22

What are the 4 forces that aid in venous return?

Answer 22

venous valves

skeletal muscular compression of veins

venoconstriction

respiratory pump

Question 23

Which vessels are called resistance vessels?

Answer 23

arterioles bc they control blood flow and pressure by varying their diameter

Question 24

What is the relationship between blood pressure, blood flow and resistance?

Answer 24

Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

The heart generates pressure, and this pressure difference drives blood flow through the circulatory system

If resistance increases (e.g., due to narrowed blood vessels), the heart needs to work harder to maintain blood flow, potentially leading to higher blood pressure.

Question 25

What is the relationship between the diameter of the vessel and the resistance?

Answer 25

In blood vessels, most of the resistance is due to vessel diameter. As vessel diameter decreases, the resistance increases and blood flow decreases

Question 26

How will the resistance change if the vessel diameter is halved and how will it change if diameter is doubled?

Answer 26

decreased diameter: more blood contacts the wall, increasing friction and thus decreasing blood flow increased diameter: means wider vessel, less blood touches vessel wall, reducing friction and thus increasing blood flow

Question 27

How is blood flow auto-regulated in various organ systems?

Answer 27

local blood flow is regulated by adjustments in peripheral resistance, while the cardiac output stays the same

Question 28

What role does sympathetic and parasympathetic play on the blood vessels?

Answer 28

1. Blood vessels are supplied by the sympathetic nervous system, which can cause constriction and is involved in increasing blood pressure and modulating blood flow 2. The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in dilating blood vessels that lead to the gastrointestinal tract and increasing blood flow.

Question 29

what are baroreceptors

Answer 29

respond to changes in blood pressure if blood pressure is low: detect less stretch if blood pressure is high: detect more stretch

Question 30

where are baroreceptors found

Answer 30

found in walls of carotid sinuses, aortic arch and wall of right atrium aortic baroreceptors trigger aortic reflex

Question 31

What is carotid sinus reflex?

Answer 31

helps regulate your blood pressure When pressure increases in the carotid sinus sensors send signals to slow your heart rate and lower blood pressure If pressure drops, the opposite happens—your heart rate increases to raise blood pressure.

Question 32

chemoreceptor function

Answer 32

respond to changes in chemical composition, particularly pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

Question 33

Where do you find chemoreceptors in human body?

Answer 33

carotid and aortic bodies & medulla oblongata

Question 34

carotid and aortic bodies chemoreceptors function

Answer 34

monitor blood pH, CO2 and oxygen levels

Question 35

medulla oblongata chemoreceptors function

Answer 35

monitor CO2 levels of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 36

what is ANP

Answer 36

atrial natriuretic peptide: released in response to high blood pressure it promotes vasodilation and creases blood volume by blocking release of aldosterone and ADH

Question 37

How do pulmonary vessels respond to hypoxic situations?

Answer 37

Angionegesis: formation of new blood vessels are created in response to hypoxia

Question 38

hypertension

Answer 38

high blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg

Question 39

4 stages of hypertension

Answer 39

elevated: 120-129/80 mm Hg stage 1: 130-139/89 mm Hg stage 2: 140/90 mm Hg hypertensive: 180/120 mm Hg

Question 40

the 5 different types of shock (CHANS)

Answer 40

cardiogenic hypovolemic anaphylactic septic neurogenic

Question 41

cardiogenic shock

Answer 41

shock due to heart problems

Question 42

hypovolemic shock

Answer 42

shock caused by too little blood volume

Question 43

anaphylactic shock

Answer 43

shock caused by allergic reaction

Question 44

septic shock

Answer 44

shock due to infection

Question 45

neurogenic shock

Answer 45

shock caused by damage to nervous system

Question 46

What is hepatic portal system?

Answer 46

connects the capillary beds of digestive organs to the sinusoidal capillaries of the liver

Question 47

the various blood vessels included in hepatic portal system (GICSS)

Answer 47

inferior mesentric vein splenic vein superior mesentric vein gastric veins cystic veins

Question 48

inferior mesentric vein

Answer 48

drains part of large intestine

Question 49

splenic vein

Answer 49

drains spleen

Question 50

superior mesentric vein

Answer 50

drains stomach, part of large intestine

Question 51

gastric veins

Answer 51

drains stomach

Question 52

cystic veins

Answer 52

drains gallbladder

Question 53

adult vs fetal circulation

Answer 53

fetal: blood flows from fetus to palcenta via umbilical arteries blood returns to placenta via umbilical vein that drains into ductus venosus structures that allow fetal circulation: foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

Question 54

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by

Answer 54

blood pressure

Question 55

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

Answer 55

capillary; interstitial fluid

Question 56

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

Answer 56

venous

Question 57

which layer of blood vessel is amde up of smooth muscle

Answer 57

tunica media

Question 58

Which vessels have the highest blood pressure?

Answer 58

arteries

Question 59

Which vein is often used to collect blood from an individual?

Answer 59

median cubital

Question 60

From which artery is a person able to feel his or her pulse?

Answer 60

common carotid

Question 61

Which veins drain blood from the diaphragm?

Answer 61

phrenic vein

Question 62

Small blood vessels in the tunica externa (adventitia) of a blood vessel that supply blood to the outer parts of the vessel wall are called

Answer 62

vasa vasorum

Question 63

blood vessels correctly ranked in order of decreasing wall thickness?

Answer 63

artery, arteriole, metarteriole, capillary

Question 64

The walls of capillaries are made of

Answer 64

endothelium only

Question 65

Which layer of the blood vessel wall anchors it to surrounding structures?

Answer 65

externa

Question 66

The largest arteries are the

Answer 66

conducting (elastic) arteries

Question 67

What kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed?

Answer 67

thoroughfare channel

Question 68

In the pulmonary circulation, blood that leaves the pulmonary trunk next enters the

Answer 68

left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 69

Which part of the aorta is attached to the heart?

Answer 69

ascending aorta

Question 70

The descending aorta consists of these two subdivisions.

Answer 70

thoracic and abdominal

Question 71

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the junction of the

Answer 71

axillary and cephalic veins

Question 72

The axillary vein is formed by the junction of the

Answer 72

brachial and basilic veins

Question 73

The median cubital vein joins the

Answer 73

cephalic and basilic veins

Question 74

The inferior vena cava is formed by the junction of the

Answer 74

left and right common iliac veins