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urinary system study guide Flashcards

1
Q

functions (6) of urinary system

A

Excretion of metabolic wastes

Regulation of blood volume, pressure, pH, and ion concentration

Conservation of nutrients

Elimination of waste in urine

Hormone production: Renin, Erythropoietin

Detoxification during starvation

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2
Q

4 organs of urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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3
Q

adrenal gland hormones

A

cortex: glucocorticoids, aldosterone

medulla: epinephrine and NE

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4
Q

Protective Layers of kidney

A

Fibrous capsule

Perinephric fat

Renal fascia

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5
Q

cortical nephrons characteristic

A

85% of nephrons

Located mostly in the renal cortex

Efferent arterioles give rise to: Peritubular capillaries

No vasa recta associated

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6
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons characteristic

A

Long nephron loops extend deep into the renal medulla

Efferent arterioles give rise to: Vasa recta

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7
Q

nephron anatomy

A

renal corpuscle, renal tubule, collecting ducts

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8
Q

glomerular capsule function

A

the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

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9
Q

renal corpuscle

A

the initial filtration unit within a nephron made of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

what does the renal tubule consist of

A

the proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle (descending and ascending limb)
the distal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

reabsorption of nutrients, ions, water

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12
Q

loop of henle contents

A

Descending limb: water reabsorption

Ascending limb: solute reabsorption

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13
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

secretion and selective reabsorption

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14
Q
A
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14
Q

the correct order of filtrate flow

A

glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

collecting duct

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15
Q

Trace the blood flow into and out of a nephron starting from the renal artery (9)

A

Renal artery → segmental → interlobar → arcuate → cortical radiate → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

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16
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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17
Q

glomerulus function

A

network of tiny blood vessels located in the kidneys that filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood, forming urine

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18
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce per minute

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19
Q

Factors That Influence GFR

A
  1. blood/hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
    - increased GHP = increaded GFR
  2. autroregulation
  3. hormonal regulation
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20
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS):

A

Triggered by low BP or low Na⁺ levels

regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels

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21
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):

A

Increases water reabsorption, decreases urine output → raises blood volume and pressure

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22
Q

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide):

A

inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption

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23
Q

juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A

a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron

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24
macula densa
located in dct: sense/monitor NaCl levels
25
juxtaglomerular cells
release renin, an enzyme that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
26
urine characteristics
Normal volume: 1–2 L/day Color: clear to amber pH: 4.5–8.0 Should not contain: glucose, protein, blood, ketones
27
urinary bladder epithelium
transitional epithelium
28
Trigone:
triangular area between ureter openings and urethra
29
Detrusor muscle:
contracts to empty bladder
30
urethra male vs female
Male: longer, has prostatic, membranous, spongy regions Female: shorter, more susceptible to UTIs
31
micturition reflex
the automatic process where the bladder contracts to empty when it reaches a critical level of distension, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder wall
32
micturition reflex functions
Detrusor contracts, internal sphincter relaxes
33
What structure marks the entry and exit point of blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter in the kidney?
hilum
34
Which kidney is positioned slightly higher in the abdominal cavity?
left
35
podocyte function
wrap around glomerular capillaries and filtration slits regulate what passes through into the filtrate
36
What is the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?
Cortical nephrons have short loops and stay in the cortex; juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops that extend into the medulla and help concentrate urine
37
Which metabolic waste is the most abundant in urine?
urea
38
What substances are typically reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Glucose, amino acids, ions, water-soluble vitamins, water
39
What is countercurrent multiplication and where does it occur?
A process in the loop of Henle that concentrates urine by creating an osmotic gradient in the medulla
40
renal capsule
smooth dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter
41
renal columns
The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids
42
Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?
proximal convoluted tubule
43
basal lamina
layer of filtration membrane is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans in a glycoprotein matrix
44
myogenic mechanism
occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent arterioles
45
transcellular reabsoprtion
occurs when a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane, across the cytosol, and then into the interstitial fluid
46
The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb which percentage of filtered water?
65%
47
Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?
decrease, pH
48
the correct order in how the urine flows out of the kidney once it leaves the nephron (collecting duct)?
Renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
49
The renal medulla's environment is ___________ which plays a vital role (with the help of the nephron) in maintaining the water and salt balance in the body
hypertonic
50
urinalysis
An analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine
51
Water accounts for which percentage of the total volume of urine?
95%
52
plasma creatinine
This is a test to measure kidney function.
53
This layer of the ureter is composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers.
lamina propria
54
This lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the bladder.
internal urethral orifice
55
renin function
activates angiotensin in response to low blood supply
56
The kidneys aid in the activation of vitamin
D
57
When the oxygen content of the blood decreases, the kidneys will release
erythropoietin
58
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to:
reabsorption of sodium ions and water
59
Where in the kidney are the glomeruli located?
cortex
60
How much fluid is filtered by the nephrons in one day?
180 L
61
Where does tubular reabsorption primarily occur?
PCT
62
Where does tubular secretion primarily occur?
DCT

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