Ch. 22: Respiratory System part 2

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) consist of two phases:

Answer 1

Inspiration( breathing in)

Expiration (breathing out)

Question 2

List the 3 Pressures

Answer 2

Atmospheric pressure 760 mmhg
Intrapulmonary pressure (alveoli, equalizes with atm
Intrapleural pressure( pleural cavity, always negative)

Question 3

Intrapleural cavity is always negative due to

Answer 3

lungs natural tendency to recoil

surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 4

Atelectasis ( lung collapse) occurs due to

Answer 4

Plugged bronchioles - collapse of alveoli
Wound that admits air into pleural cavity (pneumothorax)
Lack of surfactant

Question 5

__________, Pressure is inversely proportional to Volume, P increase, V decrease

Answer 5

Boyle’s law

Question 6

Inhalation: effects on diaphragm and intercoastal muscles and pressure

Answer 6

Pressure: decreases Volume: increases
Diaphragm: contracts Intercoastal muscles: contracts

Question 7

During inhalation the pressure in the lungs are ____ than the atmospheric pressure

Answer 7

lower

Question 8

The 3 physical factors influencing breathing are

Answer 8

Lung compliance, air resistance and alveolar surface tension

Question 9

_______ is the major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow

Answer 9

Friction

Question 10

The relationship between flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R) is:

Answer 10

F= P/R
Change of pressure and Resistance
Gas flow inversely with resistance

Question 11

Factors that decrease air resistance are:

Answer 11

Epinephrine and Antihistamines dilates bronchioles and reduces air resistance

Question 12

Function of surfactant:

Answer 12

Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

Question 13

Define lung compliance

Answer 13

measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a change in transpulmonary pressure.

Question 14

Lung compliance is diminished by:

Answer 14

Nonelastic scar tissue (fibrosis)
Reduced production of surfactant
Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage

Question 15

___________, pulmonary gas exchange, capillary – alveoli

Answer 15

External respiration

Question 16

three factors that influence external respiration

Answer 16

thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
ventilation( amount of gas reaching the alveoli) and perfusion ( blood flow in pulmonary)

Question 17

_________, normal breathing

Answer 17

tidal volume

Question 18

_______, maximum air you can inhale

Answer 18

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 19

__________, forcefully exhale out

Answer 19

expiratory reserve volume

Question 20

____________, air remaining in the lungs

Answer 20

Residual volume

Question 21

_________, inspired air fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli

Answer 21

DEAD SPACE

Question 22

___________ involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues

Answer 22

Internal respiration

Question 23

Oxygen transport is carried in two ways

Answer 23

Bound to hemoglobin (98.5%)

Dissolved in Plasma (1.5%)

Question 24

Each hemoglobin molecules can bind to _ oxygen molecules

Answer 24

4

Question 25

When 1-3 oxygen molecules are bound to a hemoglobin molecule, they refer as

Answer 25

partial saturated

Question 26

When 4 oxygen molecules bound to hemoglobin molecule, they refer as

Answer 26

fully saturated

Question 27

The rate at which Hb reversibly binds or releases O2 is regulated by

Answer 27

P02 and Pco2 temperature blood pH

Question 28

Increases in temperature, H+, Pco2, and BPG lead to

Answer 28

Enhance O2 unloading

Question 29

Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues

Answer 29

Hypoxia

Question 30

``` Abnormal or too little Hb Blocked circulation Metabolic poisons Pulmonary disease Carbon monoxide ```

Answer 30

Anemic Ischemic (stagnant) Histotoxic Hypoxemic

Question 31

Carbon dioxide transport 3 ways:

Answer 31

Dissolved in plasma: 7-10% Chemically bound to hemoglobin: 20% As bicarbonate ions in plasma: 70%

Question 32

___________, an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

Answer 32

carbonic anhydrase

Question 33

__________ and _____ are the main controllers of the regulation of breathing

Answer 33

medulla oblongata, and pons

Question 34

___________, sensors responding to the changing levels of co2, o2 and h+ in arterial blood

Answer 34

chemoreceptors

Question 35

______ is the most potent and most closely controlled, as well as the most powerful respiratory stimulant

Answer 35

CO2

Question 36

An adaptive response to high altitudes

Answer 36

Acclimatization

Question 37

___________, distinguished by destruction of alveolar walls, and permanent enlargement of the alveoli

Answer 37

emphysema

Question 38

________, inhaled irritants lead to chronic production of excessive mucus, obstruct airways, impaling breathing and gas exchange

Answer 38

Chronis bronchitis

Question 39

__________ , infectious disease caused by the bacterium Myobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 39

Tuberculosis