Ch.21: Immune System

Question 1

Characteristics of Innate Defenses

Answer 1

nonspecific
first and second line of defense
function the same way regardless of the invader

Question 2

Innate systems of defense include:

Answer 2

Skin barriers and mucus membrane 
Antimicrobial proteins
phagocytes and Natural killer cells
inflammation
fever

Question 3

First line of defense includes

Answer 3

Skin and Mucous Membrane

Question 4

Role of skin:

Answer 4

epidermis, keratinized, waterproof, and has hairs
Also excretes sweat and sebum
Physical barrier

Question 5

Role of Mucous Membrane:

Answer 5

lines body cavities and secretes mucus
sticky and traps and filters microbes
Enzymes: lysozyme. found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid, Destroys bacteria
Defensins: control bacterial and fungal colonizatons in specific area

Question 6

Second Line of Defense: Three main types of antimicrobial protein that discourage Microbial growth are:

Answer 6

interferons
complement proteins
transferrins

Question 7

Characteristic of Interferons

Answer 7

inhibit viral replication by blocking protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA
family of immune modulating proteins

Question 8

Characteristics of Complement Proteins:

Answer 8

normally circulate the blood in an inactive state
Majoring mechanism for destroying foreign substance in the body
Enhance immune responses by causing immune response by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis and inflammation
both innate and adaptive

Question 9

Characteristics of Transferrins:

Answer 9

Iron-binding proteins that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

Question 10

Characteristics of Natural Killer (NK) Cells:

Answer 10

“police” the body in blood and lymph,
10% of the lymphocytes in the blood are NK cells
a group of defensive cells
lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells
nonspecifity, not phagocytic
kill by directly contacting the target cell and undergo apoptosis

Question 11

Natural killer cells kill by attaching to the cell’s membrane and releasing _______ and _______

Answer 11

Perforin: creates perforations in cell membrane, results to cytolysis (cell rupture)
Granzymes: cause apoptosis (self-destruction)

Question 12

_________ are specialized cells that perform phagocytosis

Answer 12

phagocytes

Question 13

________ and ________ are the two principle phagocytic cells, they emigrate from vessels

Answer 13

Neutrophils and Macrophages

Question 14

Five steps of Phagocytosis includes:

Answer 14

1. phagocytes adheres to pathogens or debris (chemotaxis)
2. phagocytes from pseudopods eventually engulfing the particle (adherence)
3. fuses and forms a phagolysosome
4. lysosomal enzymes digest the particles (digestion)
5. Exocytosis of the vesicles removes the indigestible material (killing)

Question 15

The inflammatory response has several beneficial effects including:

Answer 15

prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
alerts the adaptive immune system
sets the stage for repair

Question 16

Four characteristics signs of Inflammation;

Answer 16

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Fifth: impaired function

Question 17

________ cells are a key component of the inflammatory response, release the potent inflammatory chemical HISTAMINE.

Answer 17

Mast cells

Question 18

_________: abnormally high body temperature due to the resetting of the body’s thermostat (hypothalamus)

Answer 18

Fever

hormone released is Pyrogen

Question 19

Elevated body temperature can:

Answer 19

intensify the effects of IFNs
inhibit the growth of some microbes
speeds metabolism and repair

Question 20

Neutrophils migrate towards the site of inflammation by flattening and squeezing between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls, a process called ________

Answer 20

diapedesis

Question 21

Chemicals act as a homing device

Answer 21

chemotactic agents: chemotaxis

Question 22

Characteristics of Specific Resistance (immunity)

Answer 22

develops slowly over time in response to contact with specific invader
Activation of specific lymphocytes
It has a memory, its systemic, specific

Question 23

_________ ability to carry out immune response when stimulated

Answer 23

immunocompetence

Question 24

Two types of Lymphocytes:

Answer 24

B cells: red marrow, plasma cells, production of antibodies

T cells: red marrow, thymus, cell to cell

Question 25

Two types of Immune Responses:

Answer 25

Cell-Mediated immune response | Humoral/ Antibody-mediated immune response

Question 26

Characteristics of Cell-Mediated immune response:

Answer 26

T cells, directly attack invading antigen | effective against: fungi, parasites, viruses, cancer & foreign tissues

Question 27

Characteristics of Humoral/Antibody-mediated immune response:

Answer 27

B cells: antibodies present specific antibodies bind to primarily extracellular targets: bacteria, toxins, viruses

Question 28

Antibodies can:

Answer 28

``` neutralize toxins immobile bacteria cause agglutination work with complement proteins enhance phagosytosis ```

Question 29

Not all B cells and T cells turn into either plasma cells or involved in cell to cell war, Some develop into B and T __________

Answer 29

Memory cells: Which allows for memory to develop in immune responses much quicker and intense after a second or more exposure to an antigen

Question 30

A measure of immunological memory is known as _________, which is the amount of antibody in plasma

Answer 30

Antibody titer

Question 31

_________ can contained weakened or dead antigens or parts of antigens

Answer 31

Vaccines

Question 32

______________: body does not recognize self. Examples are Multiple sclerosis (myelin sheath) and Rheumatoid arthritis ( connective tissue joints)

Answer 32

Autoimmune disease

Question 33

________: oversensitivity to antigen

Answer 33

allergy

Question 34

Characteristics of Humura/ antibody mediated immunity

Answer 34

provided by antibody, B cells, | bind primarily to extracellular target, inactivate and mark

Question 35

Characteristics of Cellular immunity

Answer 35

cell to cell attack, T cells

Question 36

Four major groups of T cells

Answer 36

Helper T cells: activation, most important Regulatory T cells: inhibit attack, prevents autoimmune Memory T cells: mount and prepare for next encounter Cytotoxic T cells: kills directly, attack pathogens

Question 37

Two types of Antigens

Answer 37

complete antigen: immunogenecity (stimulation) and Reactivity Incomplete antigen: small molecules ( reactivity)

Question 38

___________ encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them. Acquired naturally/ artificialy

Answer 38

Active humoral immunity

Question 39

____________ ready made antibodies that are introduce to your body, naturally (fetus) or artificially (donor)

Answer 39

passive humoral immunity

Question 40

_________ are not foreign or antigenic to you but they are strongly antigenic to other people, the identify of self is a group of glycoprotiengs

Answer 40

MHC Proteins

Question 41

__________ get bacteria and experience the symptoms

Answer 41

Naturally acquired

Question 42

__________ receive vaccines, pathogens that are dead or weakened

Answer 42

Artificially acquired

Question 43

_________ results when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat

Answer 43

hypersensitivity

Question 44

______ destroys helper t cells depressing the cellular immunity

Answer 44

HIV