Ch.3: Cells, The living units

Question 1

The building blocks of plants, and animals

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

A human cell has three main parts

Answer 2

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

Question 3

Separates two of the body fluid: intracellular fluid within cells and extracellular fluid outside cells

Answer 3

Plasma membrane

Question 4

The three lipid layer that forms the basic “ fabric” of the membrane are

Answer 4

Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholestorol, and lipid rafts

Question 5

Lipid Layer, that contains a polar head (hydrophillic), and nonpolar tail (hydrophobic). Parallel sheets, assemble close to one another. Important in determining local membrane structures and function. 70% of the cell membrane

Answer 5

Phospholipids

Question 6

Lipid layer, with attached sugar groups “cell identity”, found on the outer plasma membrane surface. 5% of total cell membrane

Answer 6

Glycolipids

Question 7

Lipid Layer , polar (hydroxl) and nonpolar (ring) , wedges between the phospholipid tail, stabilizes the membrane while decreasing mobility& fluidity of membrane 20% of cell membrane

Answer 7

Cholestorol

Question 8

Make up about half of the plasma membrane by mass and are responsible for most of the specialized membrane functions

Answer 8

Membrane Protein

Question 9

integral proteins main functions

Answer 9

form channels
carriers (revolving door)
receptors (signal transduction)

Question 10

Peripheral protein are

Answer 10

network of filaments, enzymes, motor proteins (change shape), and link cells together

Question 11

” sugar covering” enriched both by glycolipids and glycoproteins secreted by the cell, CELL RECOGNITION

Answer 11

Glycocalyx

Question 12

homeostasis imbalance of the Glycocalyx can cause the cell to be

Answer 12

Cancerous, allows cells to keep dividing, allow to keep ahead of immune system recognition and avoid destruction

Question 13

What are the three main cell junctions

Answer 13

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Question 14

An example of a tight junction would include

Answer 14

skin, lining of the digestive tract, blood-brain barrier, testis barrier

Question 15

An example of desmosomes would include, and what does it prevent?

Answer 15

skin & heart muscle, uterus. prevent separation

Question 16

An example of Gap junctions would include, and what does it do?

Answer 16

neurons, cardiac & smooth muscle, communication (connexons)

Question 17

What are the two ways to move through the plasma membrane?

Answer 17

Active Transport & Passive Transport

Question 18

Two main types of passive transport are

Answer 18

Diffusion and Filtration

Question 19

Characteristics of simple diffusion

Answer 19

unassisted diffusion of lipid molecules
diffuse directly
gases,lipid soluble, alcohol, fat soluble vitamins

Question 20

Characteristics of facilitated diffusion

Answer 20

assisted diffusion of lipid molecules
carrier channels
glucose water soluble

Question 21

Define Osmosis

Answer 21

Diffusion of water molecules

Question 22

Water Diffuses through

Answer 22

Aquaporins

Question 23

What happens to the blood cell when put in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 23

The cell shrinks (crenation)

Question 24

What happens to the blood cell when put in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 24

The cell expands (hemolysis)

Question 25

What is a solution called when it has equal number of solutes and water molecules?

Answer 25

Isotonic (ex. I.V)

Question 26

What is an active transport?

Answer 26

a cell that uses energy to transport solutes across the membrane

Question 27

What are the 2 forms of active transport?

Answer 27

primary and secondary transport

Question 28

Characteristics of primary active transport are

Answer 28

energy comes directly from hydrolysis of ATP (sodium and potassium pump)

Question 29

Characteristics of secondary active transport are

Answer 29

recycled energy from primary active transport symport system same direction antiport system opposite direction

Question 30

Fluids containing large particle macromolecules are transported by

Answer 30

Vesicular transport

Question 31

Endocytosis is

Answer 31

moving substances into the cell

Question 32

what are the 3 types of endocytosis

Answer 32

phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 33

what is exocytosis, and what does it account for?

Answer 33

move substances out of the cell | it accounts for hormone secretion, neurotransmitter release, mucous secretion, ejection of waste

Question 34

Apoptosis is

Answer 34

Process of control cellular suicide

Question 35

Eliminate cells that are

Answer 35

stressed no longer needed injured aged

Question 36

Hyperplasia is

Answer 36

accelerated growth of cells and tissues (ex. Anemic)

Question 37

Atrophy is

Answer 37

Decrease in size of an organ or body tissues (muscular dystrophy)