ch 26 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
what is/are the main excretory organ(s) of the body
a. skin
b. lungs
c. intestines
d. kidney
A
kidney
2
Q
the kidney functions in
a. preventing blood loss
b. white blood cell production
c. synthesis of vitamin E
d. excretion of metabolic wastes
e. production of the hormone aldosterone
A
excretion of metabolic wastes
3
Q
which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney
a. urine storage
b. excretion of waste
c. maintainance of fluid balance
d. regulate synthesis of vitamin D
e. regulate synthesis of RBCs
A
urine storage
4
Q
urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the
a. urethra
b. ureter
c. calyces
d. renal columns
e. renal tubules
A
ureter
5
Q
arrange the following structures in correct sequence for urine flow
1. ureter
2. renal pelvis
3. calyx
4. urinary bladder
5. urethra
a. 1,2,3,4,5
b. 3,2,1,4,5
c. 2,4,5,3,1
d. 3,4,1,2,5
e. 1,3,2,4,5
A
3,2,1,4,5
6
Q
the kidney is protected from mechanical shock by
a. the hilum
b. renal fascia
c. adipose tissue
d. renal capsule
e. renal cortex
A
adipose tissue
7
Q
blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the
a. hilum
b. renal fascia
c. renal pelvis
d. renal capsule
e. renal pyramid
A
hilum
8
Q
the ureter expands into the substance of the kidney as the
a. hilum
b. renal pelvis
c. renal capsule
d. renal pyramid
e. renal corpuscle
A
renal pelvis
9
Q
the portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the
a. cortex
b. medulla
c. pelvis
d. calyx
e. columns
A
medulla
10
Q
cortical tissue located between the pyramids is called the
a. calyx tissue
b. renal papillae
c. renal columns
d. medullary rays
e. renal corpuscles
A
renal columns
11
Q
the tip of each renal pyramid is called a
a. nephron
b. renal papilla
c. renal column
d. medullary ray
A
renal papilla
12
Q
the renal papillae extend into the
a. cortex
b. renal columns
c. minor calyces
d. major calyces
A
minor calyces
13
Q
the structural and functional units of the kidney are called
a. nephrons
b. renal papillae
c. renal pyramids
d. renal columns
e. renal tubule
A
nephrons
14
Q
the juxtamedullary nephrons
a. have long loops of Henle
b. are found next to the renal capsule
c. comprise 85% of all nephrons
d. have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla
e. have short loops of Henle
A
have long loops of Henle
15
Q
which of the following is NOT part of a nephron
a. loop of Henle
b. collecting duct
c. renal corpuscle
d. proximal convoluted tubule
e. distal convoluted tubule
A
collecting duct
16
Q
the network of capillaries that is located in Bowman capsule is called the
a. vasa recta
b. glomerulus
c. peritubular capillary
d. proximal convoluted capillary
e. efferent arteriole
A
glomerulus
17
Q
the renal corpuscle consists of
a. the renal pelvis and the renal tubules
b. the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule
c. Bowman’s capsule and the renal pelvis
d. the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus
e. afferent and efferent arterioles
A
the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule
18
Q
which of the following structures is a capillary
a. glomerulus
b. loop of Henle
c. collecting duct
d. Bowman capsule
e. proximal convoluted tubule
A
glomerulus
19
Q
the visceral layer of Bowman capsule
a. is part of the filtration membrane
b. is called endothelium
c. contains podocytes
d. both A and B
e. both A and C
A
both A and C
20
Q
which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma
a. podocytes
b. macula densa
c. glomerular endothelium
d. the basement membrane
e. parietal layer of Bowman capsule
A
glomerular endothelium
21
Q
the inner layer of Bowman capsule consists of specialized cells called
a. nephrons
b. podocytes
c. neprocytes
d. juxtamedullary cells
e. macula densa
A
podocytes
22
Q
the pores of the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called
a. fenestrae
b. gap junctions
c. filtration slits
d. macula densa
e. membrance channels
A
fenestrae
23
Q
filtration slits is the name given to the
a. points where the afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle
b. openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries
c. gaps between the podocytes processes in the visceral layer of Bowman capsule
d. basement membrane of the glomerular endothelium
e. active transport channels
A
gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman capsule
24
Q
an obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of the blood into the
a. glomerulus
b. renal artery
c. macula densa
d. efferent arteriole
e. arcuate artery
A
glomerulus
25
the filtration membrane consists of the
a. capillary epithelium, podocytes, and the macula densa
b. podocytes, basement membrane, and macula
c. basement membrane, capillary epithelium, and macula densa
d. perietal layer and visceral layer
e. podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane
podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane
26
choose the term that does not belong with the others
a. glomerulus
b. macula densa
c. juxtaglomerular cells
d. juxtaglomerular apparatus
e. afferent arteriole
glomerulus
27
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of
a. juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa
b. podocytes and juxtaglomerular cells
c. the macula densa and the filtration membrane
d. juxtaglomerular cells and the filtration membrane
e. glomerulus and Bowman capsule
juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa
28
the portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
a. glomerulus
b. ascending loop of Henle
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
e. descending loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
29
the renal corpuscle connects to the
a. loop of Henle
b. collecting duct
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. renal convoluted tubule
e. proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
30
which of the following is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubule
a. the glomerulus
b. the loop of Henle
c. the distal convoluted tubule
d. the proximal convoluted tubule
e. collecting duct
the loop of Henle
31
arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them
1. loop of Henle
2. Bowman capsule
3. distal CT
4. proximal CT
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 4,2,1,3
c. 2,4,3,1
d. 2,4,1,3
e. 3,4,1,2
2,4,1,3
31
urine drains from the nephrons into the calyces through the
a. loop of Henle
b. collecting duct
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. proximal convoluted tubule
e. Bowman capsule
collecting duct
32
which type of cells form the proximal CT
a. simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
d. simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia
simple cubiodal epithelium with microvilli
33
choose the one that does not belong
a. loop of Henle
b. glomerulus
c. distal CT
d. proximal CT
e. Bowman capsule
glomerulus
34
one feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that
a. there is a double set of venules
b. blood flows from arterioles into venules
c. blood flows from venules into arterioles
d. each nephron has at least two capillary networks
e. the nephron is only associated with the glomerulus
each nephron has at least two capillary networks
35
the vasa recta is a specialized portion of the
a. glomerulus
b. afferent arteriole
c. efferent arteriole
d. peritubular capillary
e. interlobular artery
peritubular capillary
36
which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary
a. glomerulus
b. arcuate artery
c. efferent arteriole
d. interlobular artery
e. afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
37
trace the path of a RBC from the renal artery to the glomerulus
1. interlobar artery
2. interlobular artery
3. segmental atery
4. arcuate artery
5. afferent arteriole
a. 1,2,3,4,5
b. 1,4,2,3,5
c. 3,1,2,4,5
d. 2,1,3,4,5
e. 1,4,3,2,5
3,1,2,4,5
38
the urinary bladder
a. stores urine until it is voided
b. empties to the exterior via the ureters
c. contains a muscle called the trigone
d. is superior to the kidney
e. filters urine
stores urine until it is voided
39
skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the
a. trigone
b. lamina propria
c. external urinary spincter
d. internal urinary spincter
e. involuntary portion of bladder control
external urinary spincter
40
urine formation involves
a. filtration of the plasma
b. reabsorption from the filtrate
c. secretion into the filtrate
d. all of the above
all of the above
41
formation of the filtrate depends on a _______ gradient
a. pressure
b. concentration
c. volume
d. temperature
e. osmotic
pressure
42
the active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular
a. filtration
b. reabsorption
c. secreation
d. elinimation
e. excretion
secretion
43
the part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidney is the
a. renal fraction
b. filtration fraction
c. clearance fraction
d. glomerular flow rate
e. cardiac fraction
renal fraction
44
the amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the
a. renal fraction
b. filtration fraction
c. glomerular filtration rate
d. clearance fraction
e. renal rate
glomerular filtration rate
45
at the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours
a. 45 liters
b. 90 liters
c. 125
d. 180
e. 200
180 liters
46
what percent of filtrate becomes urine
a. less than 1%
b. 5%
c. 10
d. 80
e. 90
less than 1%
47
plasma contains a much greater concerntration of ____ than the glomerular filtrate
a. urea
b. water
c. protein
d. sodium ions
e. glucose
protein
48
passage of proteins into Bowman capsule is prevented by
a. the size of the capillary pores
b. the sice of the filtration slits in the podocytes
c. the size of the proteins
d. all of the above
all of the above
49
in glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases, allowing proteins to cross the membrane. which of the following would you expect to observe
a. increase in filtration volume
b. anuria - no urine production
c. necrosis of the renal corpuscle
d. low protein levels in the filtrate
e. no change in the filtrate
increase in the filtration volume
50
decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by
a. increasing net filtration pressure
b. increasing capsular pressure
c. increasing glomerular capillary pressure
d. increasing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
e. none of the above
increasing net filtration pressure
51
the movement of fluid into Bowman capsule is opposed by
a. filtration pressure
b. capsular hydrostatic pressure
c. glomerular capillary pressure
d. osmotic pressure of the medulla of the kidney
e. blood pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
52
if the following hypothetical conditions exists in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure. glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
blood colloid osmotic pressure 20 mmHg
capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
a. 110 mmHg
b. 90 mmHg
c. 50 mmHg
d. 30 mmHg
e. 20 mmHg
50 mmHg
53
which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman capsule
a. tubular pressure
b. capsular pressure
c. colloid osmotic pressure
d. glomerular capillary pressure
e. none of the above
glomerular capillary pressure
54
which of the following events would increase filtration pressure
a. increase in capsular pressure
b. constriction of the efferent arteriole
c. increase in colloid osmotic pressure
d. decrease in renal blood flow
e. dilation of the efferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
55
in the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
a. constriction of the glomerulus
b. dilation of the afferent arteriole
c. dilation of the efferent arteriole
d. constriction of the afferent arteriole
constriction of the afferent arteriole
56
what is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR
a. GFR increases
b. GFR decreases
c. GFR is not affected
d. GFR increases, then decreases
GFR decreases
57
when Na+ is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid
a. no energy is needed
b. glucose and amino acids are countertransported at the same time
c. Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and the tubule cell
d. water is countertransported by carrier molecules
e. water is secreted
Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and the tubule cell
58
substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include
a. urea with water
b. K+ with amino acids
c. amino acids with bicarbonate ions
d. glucose molecules with Na+
e. Cl- with K+
glucose molecules with Na+
59
most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the
a. proximal CT
b. descending loop of Henle
c. ascending loop of Henle
d. distal CT
e. collecting duct
proximal CT
60
the proximal CT is
a. lined with epitherlial cells that lack microvilli
b. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption
c. permeable to water if ADH is present
d. impermeable to water
e. the site of water secretion
the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption
61
arrange the following in correct order
1. cotransport molecule binds to Na+ and glucose
2. establish Na+ concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen
3. sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell
4. active transport of Na+ from tubular cells to interstitial area
a. 2,1,3,4
b. 4,2,1,3
c. 1,3,4,2
d. 2,4,1,3
e. 1,2,3,4
4,2,1,3
62
glocose is usually completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached the
a. tip of the loop of Henle
b. end of the collecting duct
c. end of the distal CT
d. end of the proximal CT
e. beginning of the proximal CT
end of the proximal CT
63
water reabsorption by the renal tubules uses
a. active transport
b. cotransport
c. solvent drag
d. osmosis
e. none of the above
osmosis
64
in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
a. water can easily enter or leave
b. K+ and Cl- are cotransported with Na+ across the apical membrane
c. Ca2+ are actively transported across the basal membrane
d. K+ is concentrated in the filtrate
e. the filtrate does not change
K+ and Cl- are cotransported with Na+ across the apical membrane
65
once inside the cells of the ascending limb, K+ and Cl- cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of
a. facilitated diffusion
b. cotransport
c. counter transport
d. active transport
e. simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
66
which of the following ions are cotransported across the wall of the proximal CT, distal CT, and the ascening limb of the loop of Henle
a. sodium and bicarbonate
b. potassium and phosphate
c. sodium and chloride
d. bicarbonate and potassium
e. potassium and chloride
sodium and chloride
67
the collecting ducts and distal CT
a. reabsorb glucose
b. collect filtrate from Bowman capsule
c. actively transport Na+ not not Cl-
d. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present
e. do not alter their permeability to water
vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present
68
the collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when
a. colloid osmotic pressure increases
b. ADH production increases
c. plasma osmolality decreases
d. aldosterone production decreases
e. ADH production decreases
ADH production increases
69
as ADH production declines
a. glomerular filtration increases
b. K+ reabsorption increases
c. reabsorption of water increases
d. the urine volume increases
e. the blood volume increases
the urine volume increases
70
when ADH binds to receptor sites on distal CT cells
a. filtrate volume increases
b. filtrate osmolality decreases
c. K+ is secreted from the cells
d. the distal CT is less permeable to water
e. the distal CT is more permeable to water
the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water
71
urea is
a. secreted into the filtrate by cells of the distal CT
b. diffuse out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuse into the descending loop of Henle
c. completely reabsorbed by the nephron
d. actively transported into the filtrate by cells of the collecting duct
e. none of the above
diffuse out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuse into the descending loop of Henle
72
hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by
a. both the proximal and distal CT
b. both the collecting duct and Bowman capsule
c. both the loop of Henle and the distal CT
d. both the proximal CT and the loop of Henle
e. loop of Henle only
both the proximal and distal CT
73
which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal CT
a. K+
b. Cl-
c. bicarbonate ions
d. amino acids
e. Na+
K+
74
potassium ions enter the lumen of the _____ by the process of active transport
a. proximal CT
b. renal corpuscle
c. loop of Henle
d. distal CT
e. collecting duct
distal CT
75
in the sodium-hydrogen antiport system
a. both Na+ and H+ are transported into the tubular lumen
b. both Na+ and H+ are transported into the tubular cell
c. Na+ are transported into the cell; H+ are transported out of the cell
d. Na+ are transported into the tubular??
e. Na+ are transported out of the cell; H_ are transported into the cell
Na+ are transported into the cell; H+ are transported out of the cell
76
tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures
a. glomerulus
b. urethra
c. renal pelvis
d. distal CT
e. collecting duct
distal CT
77
tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that
a. tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport
b. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate
c. tubular reabsorption increases urine volume; tubular secretio decreases urine volume
d. tubular reabsorption occurs in Bowman capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary
e. tubular secretion moves materials from the.....
tubular secretion adds material to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate
78
which of the following statements is true
a. most filtrate (99%) is eliminated as urine
b. normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein
c. reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled
d. sodium ions are secreted into the filtrate of the proximal CT
e. hormones play a minor role in fluid homeostasis
reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled
79
the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on
a. proximal CT
b. a high medullary concentration gradient
c. osmosis
d. rapid removal of filtrate
e. a low medullary concentration gradient
a high medullary concentration gradient
80
the vasa recta
a. supplies blood to the glomerulus
b. alters the cortical solute gradient
c. collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstital fluid
d. collects water and solutes reabsorbed from the proximal CT
e. surrounds the collecting duct
collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid
81
the countercurrent multiplier system
a. is founding in the collecting duct
b. is assisted by hormones
c. has fluid flowing in parallel tubes in the opposite directions
d. maintains the solute concentration of the medullary interstitial fluid
e. both C and D
both C and D
82
a countercurrent mechanism is in
a. the afferent and efferent arterioles
b. the glomerulus and Bowman capsule
c. the proximal and distal CT
d. the loop of Henle only
e. both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta
both the loop of Henle and the vasa recta
83
in which of the following locations is filtrate osmolality highest
a. end of proximal CT
b. tip of the loop of Henle
c. end of distal CT
d. beginning of distal CT
e. descending loop of Henle
tip of the loop of Henle
84
which of the following helps maintain a high solute concentration in the kidney medulla
a. high urea concentraion in medulla
b. active transport of solutes from ascending limb
c. the vasa recta
d. functions of the loop of Henle
e. all of the above
all of the above
85
which of the following would help maintain the medullary concentration gradient
a. movement of urea from the distal CT to the proximal CT
b. urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid
c. movement of water from the ascending limb into the medullary interstitial fluid
d. active transport of Na+ and Cl- from the medullary interstital fluid into the collecting duct
e. urea movement into the collecting duct
urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid
86
starting from the collecting duct, indicate the order in which urea molecules move to maintain the medullary concetration gradient
1. ascending limb
2. distal CT
3. interstitial fluid
4. collecting duct
5. descending limb
a. 2,5,1,4,3
b. 1,3,5,2,4
c. 3,5,1,2,4
d. 4,2,1,3,5
e. 4,3,5,1,2
4,3,5,1,2
87
which of the following statements concerning solute movement in the loop of Henle is true
a. only Na+ diffuses from the descending limb
b. solutes are actively transported from the ascending limb
c. Na+ and Cl- ions are actively transported into the vasa recta
d. the osmolality of the descending limb decrases filtrate moves through
e. water moves by osmosis out of the ascending loop
solutes are actively transported from the ascending limb
88
which structure removes excess water and solutes from the kidney's medullary interstitial fluid
a. distal CT
b. collercting duct
c. loop of Henle
d. vasa recta
e. proximal CT
vasa recta
89
the kidney dialysis machine is an example of a mechanical _____ system
a. active transport
b. countercurrent
c. cotransport
d. sorting
countercurrent
90
by the time filtrate reaches the tip of the loop of Henle, _____ %of the filtrate volume has been reabsorbed
a. 65
b. 75
c. 80
d. 95
e. 100
80%
91
the filtrate that drips from the renal papillae into the calyces
a. has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate
b. may have lost up to 99% of its original volume
c. is called urine
d. all of the above
all of the above
92
filtrate reabsorption that occurs regardless of the concentration and volume of urine produced is referred to as
a. active
b. obligatory
c. facultative
d. countercurrent
e. nonessential
obligatory
93
urine concentration and volume depend on water reabsorption in the
a. proximal CT
b. descending loop of Henle
c. ascending loop of Henle
d. distal CT
e. distal CT and collecting ducts
distal CT and collecting ducts
94
some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. this causes increased water reabsorption in the
a. proximal CT
b. loop of Henle
c. distal CT and collecting ducts
d. calyces
e. urethra
distal CT and collecting ducts
95
which of the following situations increases the number of action potentials to the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus
a. increased blood velocity
b. decreased renin production
c. increased plamsa osmolality
d. decreased aldosterone secretion
e. decreased plasma osmolality
increased plasma osmolality
96
decreased ADH levels results in a urine high in
a. K+
b. water content
c. glucose content
d. bicarbonate content
e. H+
water content
97
diabetes insipidus is the result of decreased ____ production
a. ADH
b. insulin
c. aldosterone
d. angiotension II
e. glucagon
ADH
98
removal of the posterior pituitary will immediately cause
a. a decrease in urine volume
b. an increase in urine volume
c. no change in urine volume
an increase in urine volume
99
a 15% increase in blood pressure would result in which of the following changes in ADH secretion
a. increased secretion
b. decreased secretion
c. no chnage in secretion
decreased secretion
100
the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes
a. renin
b. ADH
c. oxytocin
d. aldosterone
e. angiotensin
renin
101
renin converts
a. angiotensin I to angiotensin II
b. angiotensin II to angiotensin I
c. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
d. angiotensin II to angiotensin III
e. angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
102
the kidneys produce renin when
a. the urine becomes acidic
b. the peritubular capillaries dilate
c. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases
d. sodium chloride concentration in the distal CT increases
e. the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole increases
the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases
103
angiotensin II
a. is a potent vasodilator
b. stimulates aldosterone secretion
c. is formed from angiotensin I by the action of renin
d. acts on the collecting ducts to increase reabsorption increase reabsorption of water
e. decreases blood pressure
stimulates aldosterone secretion
104
which of the following is NOT an action of angiotensin II
a. vasoconstriction of arterioles
b. increases thirst
c. increases ADH secretion
d. decreases peripheral resistance
e. increases aldosterone secretion
decreases peripheral resistance
105
increased aldosterone causes increased
a. urine volume
b. Na+ secretion
c. K+ secretion
d. reabsorption of H+
e. filtrate formation
K+ secretion
106
aldosterone targets cells in the
a. proximal CT
b. loop of Henle
c. distal CT
d. glomerulus
e. collecting duct
distal CT
107
aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by
a. increasing tubular renin production
b. increasing tubular permeability
c. increasing osmosis into the tubule cells
d. increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for Na+
e. decreasing tubular permeability
increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for Na+
108
lasix is a drug that blocks the reabsorption of Na+ in the ascending loop of Henle. the result of giving this drug would be
a. increased urine output
b. decreased aldosterone production
c. decreased osmolality of the filtrate
d. increased osmolality of the urine
e. decreased urine volume
increased urine output
109
consumption of alcohol increases urine production by
a. decreasing the blood pressure
b. causing retention of Na+
c. inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
d. stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenals
e. stimulating the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
110
ADH increases the permeability of the distal CT and collecting ducts by
a. incorporating aquaporin-3 channels into the apical membrane
b. increasing the number of Na+ - transport proteins in the membranes
c. incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane
d. decreasing the number of aquaporin-4 channels in the apical membrane
incorporating aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane
111
atrial natriuretic hormone
a. promotes the secretion of ADH
b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary
c. causes the formation of concentrated urine
d. is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases
e. is secreted when atrial blood pressure decreases
is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases
112
autoregulation in the kidney invovles changes in the degree of
a. constriction of afferent arterioles
b. sympathetic stimulation
c. aldosterone secretion
d. ADH secretion
e. none of the above
constriction of afferent arterioles
113
intense sympathetic stimulation of the kidney
a. is necessary for normal kidney metabolism
b. causes the release of epinephrine from the kidney
c. decreases renal flow
d. increases filtration rate
e. does not alter filtration rate
decreases renal flow
114
if extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of
a. urea
b. water
c. Na+
d. K+
e. Cl-
water
115
blood loss that occurs during surgery will stimulate cells in the
a. efferent ateriole wall of the right atrium
b. wall of the right atrium
c. proprioceptors
d. juxtaglomerular apparatus
e. none of the above
juxtaglomerular apparatus
116
put the folloing in the correct order after the blood pressure increases 1. decreased sympathetic stimulation
2. increase in glomerulus filtration rate
3. increase in arterial blood pressure
4. increase in urine production
5. afferent arterioles dilate
a. 1,3,5,2,4
b. 3,2,1,5,4
c. 2,3,5,1,4
d. 3,1,5,2,4
e. 3,2,5,4,1
3,1,5,2,4
117
when macula densa cells experience increased Na+ concentration in the filtrate, they respond by
a. increasing afferent arteriole constriction
b. decreasing urine production
c. decreasing renin secretion
d. increasing aldosterone secretion
e. increasing renin secretion
decreasing renin secretion
118
decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles results in
a. increased renin secretion
b. decreased ADH secretion
c. suppression of thirst
d. stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
e. decreased renin secretion
increased renin secretion
119
stretch receptors in the atria are responsible for the secretion of
a. ADH
b. renin
c. aldosterone
d. atrial natriuretic hormone
e. angiotensin
atrial natriuretic hormone
120
increased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone results in
a. increased thirst
b. increased urine output
c. increased blood pressure
d. increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid
e. decreased urine output
increased urine output
121
a substance that is useful for determining the plasma clearance rate of the kidney is
a. ADH
b. glucose
c. inulin
d. protein
e. ammonia
inulin
122
to calculate plasma clearance of any substance, it is necessary to know the
a. quantitiy of urine produced per minute
b. concentration of the cleared substance in the urine
c. concentration of the cleared substance in the blood
d. all of the above
all of the above
123
a substance used to calculate plasma clearance must
a. pass freely through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle
b. be readily reabsorbed
c. be either a protein or a polysaccharide
d. be secreted into the nephron
e. be produced in the kidney
pass freely through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle
124
decreased plasma clearance can indicate
a. hypertension
b. renal failure
c. decreased ADH secretion
d. decreased aldosterone secretion
e. normal fluid balance
renal failture
125
drug companies use which of the following to help them calculate the duration of action of a medication
a. plasma clearance
b. plasma osmolarity
c. tubular maximum
d. renal plasma flow
e. glomerular filtration rate
plasma clearance
126
renal blood flow per minute can be calculated if you know the clearance calculation for ____ as well as the person's hematocrit
a. ADH
b. PAH
c. insulin
d. aldosterone
e. glucose
PAH
127
tubular load refers to the amount of a given substance that
a. is present in the blood as it enters the afferent arteriole of the nephron
b. passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute
c. can be actively reabsorbed from the filtrate
d. can be secreted into the filtrate
e. none of the above
passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute
128
when the tubular maximum for a substance is exceeded
a. mroe of the substance is reabsorbed
b. more of the substance is actively secreted
c. less of the substane is filtered in the renal corpuscle
d. the excess goes into the blood
e. the excess remains in the urine
the excess remains in the urine
129
if the tubular maximum for a particular amino acid is 200 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 100mg/100 ml, the amino acid
a. will be actively secreted into the filtrate
b. will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
c. will appear in the urine
d. will not appear in the urine
e. none of the above
will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
130
diuretic that inhibit Na+ reabsorption are called
a. xanthines
b. osmotic diuretics
c. thiazide diuretics
d. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
e. ADH inhibitors
thiazide diuretics
131
urea and mannitol are examples of which of the following types of diuretics
a. osmotic diuretics
b. thiazide diuretics
c. potassium-sparing diuretics
d. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
e. ADH inhibitors
osmotic diuretics
132
diuretics that work by reducing H+ secretion and the reabsorption of HCO3- ions are classified as
a. xanthines
b. osmotic diuretics
c. thiazide diuretics
d. carbonic anhydrase
e. potassuim-sharing diuretics
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
133
urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of
a. gravity
b. a pressure gradient
c. a concentration gradient
d. peristaltic contractions
e. osmotic gradient
peristaltic contractions
134
where do the ureters enter the urinary bladder
a. the anterosuperior surface
b. the anteroinferior surface
c. the posteromedial surface
d. the posterolateral surface
the posterolateral surface
135
which part of the urinary bladder expands very little during bladder filling
a. the fundus
b. the trigone
c. the neck
d. transitional epithelium
the trigone
136
which muscle is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition
a. trigone
b. internal urinary spincter
c. micturition muscle
d. detrusor muscle
detrusor muscle
137
which type of tissue is responsible for the expansion of the urinary bladder during filling
a. transitional epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
d. stratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
138
why is the external urinary spincter under conscious control
a. it is made of smooth muscle
b. it is part of the detrusor muscle
c. it is made of skeletal muscle
d. it is made of adventitia
it is made of skeletal muscle
139
how much urine would be in the urinary bladder to increase the pressure to an uncomfortable point
a. 100 mL
b. 300 mL
c. 400 mL
d. 500 mL
500 mL
140
voluntary micturition
a. invovles higher brain centers
b. invovles control of the internal spincter
c. is a reflex action
d. is common in infants
e. invovles control of smooth muscle
invovles higher brain centers
141
which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is false
a. the micturition reflex is initialed by stretching the bladder wall
b. afferent signals are conducted to the sacral segments of the spinal cord by the pelvic nerves
c. efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve
d. the micturition reflex usually produces a series of contrations of the urinary bladder
e. the micturition reflex is modified by centers in the pons and cer
efferent signals are sent to the bladder by sympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve
142
with aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in
a. increased bladder capacity
b. voluntary micturition
c. continuous dribbling of urine
d. uncontrollable micturition
e. lack of control of internal spincter
uncontrollable micturition
143
in glomerulonephritis proteins, and white blood cells enter the filtrate resulting in
a. increased reabsorption of water
b. increased reabsorption of Na+
c. increased secretion of Na+
d. increased urine output
e. decreased urine output
increased urine output
144
which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the renal medulla
a. pyelonephritis
b. acute glomerulonephritis
c. chronic glomerulonephritis
d. acute renal failure
e. chronic renal failure
pyelonephritis
145
which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the kidneys
a. decrease in kidney size
b. loss of nephrons
c. decreased response to hormonal control of urine volume
d. a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostatsis
a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis
146
effects of aging on the kidneys include all of the following, except
a. an increased ability to elimiate uric acide and creatine from the blood
b. a gradual decrease in the size of the kidneys
c. a gradual decrease in blood flow through the kidneys
d. a loss of general function
e. a decline in absorption and secretion
an increased ability to eliminate uric acid and creatine from the blood
147
in order to regulate the pH of extracellular fliud, the kidneys are able to adjust the excretion of
a. H+
b. Ca2+
c. Na+
d. Mg2+
e. K+
H+
148
the kidneys are located behind the _____ membrane on the posterior side of the _____- wall
a. peritoneal; abdominal
b. peritoneal; pelvic
c. renal; abdominal
d. renal; pelvic
e. pleural; pelvic
peritoneal; abdominal
149
renal papillae drain
a. minor calyces
b. major calyces
c. the renal pelvis
d. renal columns
e. the ureter
minor calyces
150
all of the following are located in the renal cortex, except
a. collecting ducts
b. renal corpuscles
c. proximal CT
d. distal CT
e. afferent arteriole
collecting ducts
151
what are the arteries which diverge from the interlobar arteries near the base of the renal pyramid
a. arcuate
b. peritubular
c. segmental
d. renal
e. interlobular
arcuate
152
all of the following are major processes essential to urine production, except
a. micturition
b. filtration
c. tubular secretion
d. tubular reabsorption
micturition
153
what is tubular reabsorption
a. the process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood
b. the reabsorption of blood cells in the nephron into the body
c. the passage of water and ions into the filtrate during filtration in that nephron
d. the absorption of proteins into the filtrate which later becomes urine
e. the transport additional solutes from the blood into the filtrate by tubule cells
the process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood
154
true/false the filtration membrane prevents blood cells and proteins from entering the Bowman capsule on the basis of size and protein type
false
155
smooth mucle cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles dilate or constrict as needed in response to changes in blood pressure. this process of autoregulation is called the
a. myogenic mechanism
b. tubular secretion
c. tubuloglomerular feedback
d. glomerular filtration
e. tubular reabsorption
myogenic mechanism
156
which of the following pairs of structures are the most similar in function
a. distal CT and collecting duct
b. proximal CT and distal CT
c. distal CT and ascending limb of the loop of Henle
d. ascening limb of the loop of Henle
distal CT and collecting duct
157
the mechanism for concentration of urine is called the _____ mechanism
a. countercurrent
b. filtration
c. secretion
d. reabsorption
e. concentration
countercurrent
158
urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by
a. compression of the uretheral openings
b. the external urethral spincter
c. the internal urethral spincter
d. the ureteral spincters
e. ureteral valves
compression of the ureteral openings
159
the micturition reflex is initiated by the
a. stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder
b. stretching of the walls of the ureters
c. relaxation of the walls of the urinary bladder
d. constriction of the external urinary spincter
e. relaxation of the external urinary spincter
stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder
160
a patient enters a hospital after a motorcyle accident. he complains of mid-back pain. x-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. his emergency room examination includes urinalysis. which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder
a. pyuria
b. hematuria
c. albuminuria
d. uremia
e. phenylketonuria
albuminuria
161
glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the
a. renal corpuscle
b. proximal CT
c. distal CT
d. glomerular capillaries
e. collecting duct
proximal CT
162
which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate
a. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
b. a drop in colloid osmotic pressure
c. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
d. vasocanstriction of the afferent arteriole
e. an increase in osmotic pressure in the Bowman capsule
vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
163
which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal CT
a. potassium
b. sodium chloride
c. hydrogen ions
d. urea
e. water
hydrogen ions
164
total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in
a. reabsorption of all the solute
b. a renal clearance of zero
c. a net filtration pressure of 1.0
d. appearance of that solute in the urine
e. absence of the solute from the urine
appearance of that solue in the urine
165
which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through
a. glomerulus
b. proximal CT
c. distal CT
d. collecting duct
e. nephron loop
collecting duct
166
which of the following induces renin secretio, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume
a. aldosterone
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. parathyroid hormone
d. norepinephrine
e. angiotensin II
norepinephrine
167
assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg
a. 10 mm Hg out
b. 20 mm Hg out
c. 30 mm Hg out
d. 40 mm Hg out
e. 50 mm Hg out
20 mm Hg out
168
a hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. what is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate
a. 40%
b. 56%
c. 64%
d. 72%
e. 80%
64%
169
which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate
a. insulin and glucose
b. inulin and creatinine
c. sodial and water
d. albumin and inulin
e. insulin and urea
inulin and creatinine
