ch 28 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
which function of the reproductive system is solely a function of the female reproductive system
a. production of reproductive hormones
b. fertilization
c. production of gametes
d. development and nourishment of a new individual
A
development and nourishment of a new individual
2
Q
what are the female gametes
a. oocytes
b. ovaries
c. sperm
d. uterus
A
oocytes
3
Q
the location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotum
a. allows more room for other organs in the abdominal cavity
b. keeps these organs close to the penis
c. provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm development
d. keeps them isolated from the accessory glands of the system
e. helps to protect them
A
provides a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm development
4
Q
contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles
a. causes the apididymis to shrink
b. increases during exercise
c. pull the testes closer to the body
d. is responsible for ejaculation
e. causes the penis to become erect
A
pull the testes closer to the body
5
Q
optimum temperature for sperm production is 3 degrees coller than body temperature. in which of the following locations would the testes produce the most sperm
a. scrotal sac
b. pelvic cavity
c. abdominal cavity
d. vas deferens
e. inguinal canal
A
scrotal sac
6
Q
which of the following structures is located within the perineum
a. dartos
b. seminal vesicles
c. femoral triangle
d. urogenital triangle
e. navel
A
urogenital triangle
7
Q
sperm are produced in the
a. rete testis
b. efferent ductules
c. seminiferous tubules
d. interstitial cells
e. vas deferens
A
seminiferous tubules
8
Q
the thick white capsule that covers each testes is called the
a. raphe
b. tunica adventitia
c. tunica albuginea
d. leydig capsule
e. tunica alba
A
tunica albuginea
9
Q
which of the following hormones is produced by the testis
a. testosterone
b. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
c. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
d. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
e. luteinizing hormon (LH)
A
testosterone
10
Q
the interstitial cells or Leydig cells
a. produce sperm
b. form the wall of the rete testis
c. cover the testis with a white tunic
d. secrete seminal fluid
e. secrete testosterone
A
secrete testosterone
11
Q
the opening in the abdominal wall through which the testes descend is the
a. spermatic cord
b. gubernaculum
c. inguinal canal
d. process vaginalis
e. perineal opening
A
inguinal canal
12
Q
male infants can be born with an undescended testis
a. lacks hormonal cells
b. covers the top of the scrotum
c. has lost its blood supply
d. reminds in the abdominopelvic cavity
e. has not properly formed
A
remains in the abdominopelvic cavity
13
Q
the sustentacular cells
a. mature to form sperm cells
b. produce testosterone
c. provide nourishment for development of sperm
d. cover and protect most of the testes
e. produce seminal fluid
A
provide nourishment for development of sperm
14
Q
the blood-testis barrier
a. feeds sustentacular cells
b. keeps blood from engorging the testis
c. is formed by the primary
d. isolates sperm cells from the cells from the immune system
e. nourishes the developing spermatozoa
A
isolates sperm cells from the immune system
15
Q
which of the following substances found in sustentacular cells may be the active hormones that promote sperm cell formation
a. IgA and IgG
b. sustentaculum and gubernaculum
c. dihydrotestosterone and estrogren
d. androgen-binding protein and testosterone
e. estrogen and progesterone
A
dihydrotestosterone and estrogen
16
Q
which of the following cell types is formed at the end of the first meiotic division
a. spermatid
b. spermatogonia
c. primary spermatocyte
d. secondary spermatocyte
e. spermotozoa
A
secondary spermatocyte
17
Q
which of the following cell types is diploid
a. spermatid
b. mature sperm
c. primary spermatocyte
d. secondary spermatocyte
e. spermatozoa
A
primary spermatocyte
18
Q
what process converts a spermatid to a mature sperm cell
a. spermatogenesis
b. cryptorchidism
c. gubernaculum
d. spermiogenesis
A
spermatogenesis
19
Q
what structure contains enzymes needed by a sperm to penetrate an oocyte
a. acrosome
b. gubernaculum
c. Sertoli cells
d. androgen-binding protein
A
acrosome
20
Q
which of the following structures would be found in the spermatic cord
a. epididymis
b. ductus deferens
c. seminal vesicle
d. ejaculatory duct
e. interstitial cells
A
ductus deferens
21
Q
which portion of the sperm cell is most involved with penetration of the female sex cell
a. nucleus
b. acrosome
c. midpiece
d. tail
e. centriole
A
acrosome
22
Q
sperm are produced in the ____ and complete maturation in the ____
a. epididymis; testes
b. ductus deferens; epididymis
c. seminiferous tubules; prostate gland
d. seminiferous tubules; epididymis
e. seminiferous tubules; vas deferens
A
seminiferous tubules; epididymis
23
Q
a primary spermatocyte is a diploid cell that gives rise to two secondary spermatocytes after the first meiotic division. the primary spermatocyte has
a. 92 chromosomes
b. 46 chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
d. 13 chromosomes
e. no chromosomes
A
46 chromosomes
24
Q
which of the following is mismatched
a. ductus deferens - vas deferens
b. epididymis - site of sperm maturation
c. spermatic cord - passes through inguinal canal
d. stereocilia - forms sperm tails
e. midpiece - mitochondria
A
stereocilia - forms sperm tails
25
smooth muscle contractions help to propel sperm in the
a. rete testis
b. ductus deferens
c. seminal receptacle
d. seminiferous tubule
e. ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens
26
the duct from the seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens to form the
a. prostatic urethra
b. epididymis
c. sperm cord
e. ejaculatory duct
e. spongy urethra
ejaculatory duct
27
arrange the following structures in the order sperm would pass through them from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra
1. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
2. efferent ductules
3. epididymis
4. ejaculatory duct
5. rete testis
a. 5,3,2,1,4
b. 3,2,4,1,5
c. 3,4,2,1,5
d. 5,2,4,3,1
e. 5,2,3,1,4
5,2,3,1,4
28
the ductus deferens
a. stores sperm until ejaculation
b. travels through the bladder
c. ascends the abdominal cavity along the posterior side of the kidney
d. passes through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity
e. passes just beneath the skin to the penis
passes through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity
29
the male urethra
a. has numerous mucous-secreting glands
b. extends through the length of the penis
c. is lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelium
d. extends from the prostate gland to the ductus deferens
e. is shorter than the female urethra
extends through the length of the penis
30
in males, both urine and male reproductive fluids travel through the
a. ureter
b. urethra
c. epididymis
d. spermatic cord
e. ductus deferens
urethra
31
the longest portion of the male urethra is the
a. prostatic urethra
b. membranous urethra
c. spongy urethra
d. ductile urathra
e. glans penal urethra
spongy urethra
32
the penis consists of ____ columns of erectile tissue
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6
3
33
which of the following is mismatched
a. prepuce - skin that covers the glans penis
b. corpora cavernosa - forms the foreskin
c. glans penis - contains external urethral opening
d. corpus spondiosum - expands to form the glans penis
e. membranous urethra - between prostatic and spongy urethra
corpora cavernosa - forms the foreskin
34
circumcision is the surgical removal of the
a. prepuce
b. crus penis
c. glans penis
d. corpora cavernosa
e. bulb of penis
prepuce
35
erection of the penis occurs when
a. the pubic bones move together
b. the bulbourethral muscles contract
c. lymphatic fluid accumulates in the glans penis
d. penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood
e. smooth muscle contraction occurs in the ductus deferens
penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood
36
the spongy urethra is surrounded by the
a. corpus cavernosum
b. prostate gland
c. corpus spongiosum
d. bulbourethral glands
corpus spongiosum
37
which of the following statements is false
a. the seminal vesicles open into the membranous urethra
b. the prostate gland surrounds the prostatic urethra and ejaculatory ducts
c. the bulbourethral glands enter the spongy urethra at the base of the penis
d. the prostate gland contains smooth muscle partitions covered with the columnar epithelium
e. the seminal vesicles are sac-shaped glands located next to the ampullae of the ductus deferentia
the seminal vesicles open into the membranous urethra
38
the accessory glands located near the membranous urethra are the
a. seminal vesicles
b. inguinal glands
c. bulbourethral glands
d. seminal receptacles
e. penal glands
bulbourethral glands
39
semen is
a. produced solely by the testis
b. a vaginal secretion needed to activate sperm
c. sperm cells plus the secretions of accessory glands
d. responsible for engorgment of erectile tissue of the penis
e. is composed only of sperm cells
sperm cells plus the secretions of accessory glands
40
most of the seminal fluid is produced
a. by the testes
b. by the seminal vesicles
c. by the prostate gland
d. by the bulbourethral glands
e. by the ejaculatory duct
by the seminal vesicles
41
discharge of semen into the prostatic urethra is called
a. erection
b. emission
c. ejaculation
d. ovulation
e. ejection
emission
42
the forceful explusion of semen from the urethra caused by contraction of smooth muscle is the urethra and skeletal muscle surrounding the base of the penis is called
a. ejaculation
b. neutralization
c. physiological contracture
d. emission
e. orgasm
ejaculation
43
which of the following flands is correctly matched with its function
a. seminal vesicles - provide nutrients for sperm
b. prostate - lubricates the penis during intercourse
c. bulbourethral glands - produce a thin, sweet fluid
d. testes - produce most of the semen
e. prostate - contributes most of the fluid
seminal vesicles - provides nutrients for sperm
44
given the following glands, choose the arrangement that represents the order in which the glands release their secretions to form semen
1. prostate gland
2. bulbourethral glands
3. seminal vesicles
a. 1,2,3
b. 2,1,3
c. 3,1,2
d. 3,2,1
e. 2,3,2
3,1,2
45
which of the following substances found in semen is mismatched with its function
a. fructose - nourishes sperm
b. mucous - lubricates urethra
c. fibrinogen - transient coagulation of semen
d. prostaglandins - cause urethral contractions
e. prostaglandins - cause uterine contractions
prostaglandins - cause urethral contractions
46
which of the following substances are found in the secretions of the prostate gland
a. mucous and fibrinogen
b. fructose and mucous
c. fibrinolysin and clotting factors
d. prostaglandins and sperm
e. acid and mucous
fibrinolysin and clotting factors
47
the secretions produced by the prostate gland
a. are acidic
b. contain fructose
c. contain mucous
d. constitute about 30% of the semen
e. constitute about 90% of the semen
constitute about 30% of the semen
48
a blood test for the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is useful in the diagnosis of
a. prostatitis
b. prostatic atrophy
c. prostatic cancer
d. prostatic infection
e. urinary tract infection
prostatic cancer
49
a pituitary tumor interferes with FSH secretion. how would this effect a male
a. he would develop a feminine body contour
b. he would not produce sperm
c. he would have an erection
d. there would be no effect as FSH is found only in females
e. he would produce too many sperm
he would not produce sperm
50
luteinizing hormone (LH) binds to interstitial (Leydig) cells and
a. inhibits Sertoli cells
b. promotes sperm cell production by the Leydig cells
c. decreases testosterone production by the Leydig cells
d. stimulates GnRH levels to increase in the testes
e. increases testosterone production by the Leydig cells
increases testosterone production by the Leydig cells
51
a lack of testosterone production before birth would
a. inhibit normal development of male reproductive structures
b. inhibit anterior pituitary secretions
c. inhibit hypothalamus development
d. inhibit FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
e. have no effect
inhibit normal development of male reproductive structures
52
once GnRH is released from the hypothalamus and enters the hypothalamohypophysial portal system
a. testosterone is released from the anterior pituitary
b. the Leydig cells produce inhibin
c. estrogen production increases
d. FSH and LH secretion will occur
e. it will inhibit FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH secretion will occur
53
which of the following hormones stimulates the synthesis of testosterone by the fetal testes
a. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
b. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
d. luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH)
e. estrogen
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
54
what is the active hormone in target tissues of testosterone such as the penis
a. testosterone
b. FSH
c. ICSH
d. dihydrotestosterone
dihydrotestosterone
55
the major factor controlling the onset of puberty in males is
a. a decrease in GnRH levels
b. the production of testosterone by the testes
c. the ability of the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
d. the hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens
e. none of the above
the hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens
56
which of the following statements concerning testosterone is true
a. it prevents hair loss in pattern baldness
b. it promotes atrophy of the larynx
c. it can lead to an increase in muscle mass
d. it causes the skin and hair to soften
e. it decreases metabolic rate in males
it can lead to an increase in muscle mass
57
which of the following effects on the body can NOT be attributed to testosterone
a. enlargement of male genitalia
b. growth of pubic, axillary, and facial har
c. hypertrophy of the larynx
d. increased calcium excretion
e. rapid bone growth
increased calcium excretion
58
which of the following hormones would decrease if an adult male were castrated (testes removed)
a. GnRH
b. FSH
c. LH
d. testosterone
e. ADH
testosterone
59
following ejaculation, a phase called resolution occurs. during resolution
a. second ejaculation occurs
b. a feeling of satisfaction occurs
c. erection of the penis is maintained
d. sperm production increases
e. orgasm occurs
a feeling of satisfaction occurs
60
erection and ejaculation can be initiated by
a. manual stimulation of the penis
b. contraction of smooth muscle
c. impulses from the cerebellum
d. increased blood levels of testosterone
e. increased levels of LH and FSH
manual stimulation of the penis
61
which of the following events occurs in an erection
a. vasoconstriction of arteries leading to erectile tissue of penis
b. engorgement of erectile tissue of penis with blood
c. dilation of venules leading from erectile tissue of penis
d. relaxation of internal spincter of urinary bladder
e. decrease of blood flow to the penis
engorgement of erectile tissue of penis with blood
62
impotence occurs when
a. the erectile tissues of the penis fill with blood
b. semen accumulates in the urethra
c. an erection cannot be achieved or maintained
d. semen moves out of the urethra
e. sperm cell production decreases
an erection cannot be achieved or maintained
63
arrange the following events in the correct sequence
1. ejaculation
2. emission
3. erection
a. 1,2,3
b. 3,1,2
c. 3,2,1
d. 1,3,2
e. 2,3,1
3,2,1
64
arrange the following events in correct sequence
1. inflation and rigidity of erectile tissue
2. arteries supplying blood to erectile tissue dilate
3. blood fills erectile tissue sinusoids and compresses veins
a. 1,2,3
b. 2,3,1
c. 3,2,1
d. 2,1,3
e. 1,3,2
2,3,1
65
which of the following events in the male sex occurs last and results in ejaculation
a. peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens
b. contractions of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis
c. constriction of the internal spincter of the urinary bladder
d. release of secretions from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
e. semen accumulates in the prostatic urethra
contractions of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis
66
what is the role of NO (nitric oxide) in the male sex act
a. dilation of blood vessels in the penis
b. activation of a G protein
c. secretion of mucous
d. contraction of somatic muscles of the urogenital diaphragm
dilation of blood vessels in the penis
67
the ovaries and uterus are held in position within the pelvis by bands of tissue called
a. follicles
b. mucles
c. endometrium
d. ligaments
e. tendons
ligaments
68
the ovary is attached to the superior margin of the uterus by the
a. mesovarium
b. broad ligament
c. ovarian ligament
d. suspensory ligament
e. round ligament
ovarian ligament
69
the ovary is surrounded by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue called the
a. mesovarium
b. tunica albuginea
c. peritoneum
d. medulla
e. tunica alba
tunica albuginea
70
of the two million primary oocytes in the ovaries at birth, only about ___ are ovulated
a. 40
b. 400
c. 2,000
d. 4,000
e. 400,000
400
71
a primary oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells is most appropriately called
a. a primordial follicle
b. a secondary follicle
c. a mature follicle
d. the corpus luteum
e. a graadian follicle
a primordial follicle
72
a primary follicle contains
a. vesicles
b. an antrum
c. several layers of granulosa cells
d. a mature egg
e. the theca
several layers of granulosa cells
73
as a secondary follicle enlarges
a. the granulosa cells are replaced with fluid
b. the secondary oocyte divided by mitosis
c. a theca or capsule is formed around it
d. the zona pellucida becomes thinner
e. the fluid within it is reduced
a theca or capsule is formed around it
74
in a mature follicle, the ooxyte lies in a mass of follicular cells called the
a. theca interna
b. zona pellucida
c. granulosa
d. cumulus mass
e. theca externa
cumulus mass
75
a follicle containing a secondary oocyte and a single fluid-filled antrum is called a ____ follicle
a. primary
b. Graafian or mature
c. secondary
d. primordial
e. teriary
Graadian or mature
76
the release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is called
a. ovulation
b. fertilization
c. sporulation
d. implantation
e. oocyte release
ovulation
77
which of the following is produced in the ovary and then leaves the ovary
a. testosterone
b. corpus luteum
c. secondary oocyte
d. FSH
e. menstrual blood
secondary oocyte
78
the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division when
a. the mature follicle ruptures
b. it is penetrated by a sperm cell
c. it is implanted in the uterus
d. it receives both estrogen and progeterone
e. ovulation occurs
it is penetrated by a sperm cell
79
fertilization occurs when the
a. oocyte ruptures from the ovary
b. oocyte is implanted in the uterus
c. sperm head enters the zygote
d. nuclei of the secondary oocyte and the sperm cell unite
e. sperm enter vagina
nuclei of the secondary oocyte and the sperm cell unite
80
"zygote" is the term used to describe the
a. Graadian oocyte
b. primary oocyte
c. secondary oocyte
d. fertilized oocyte
e. sperm just before fertilization
fertilized oocyte
81
follicles in the ovary that are never ovulated
a. undergo atresia
b. become the corpus albicans
c. form secondary follicles
d. undergo and complete meiosis in the ovary
e. proliferate
undergo atresia
82
the corpus luteum is a gland that
a. forms from a Graafian follicle after ovulation
b. secretes progesterone
c. degenerates into a zygote if pregnancy does not occur
d. releases the secondary oocyte
e. forms from a Graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes mainly progesterone
forms from a Graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes mainly progesterone
83
which of the following follicular stages is the last to appear
a. corpus albicans
b. corpus luteum
c. primary follicle
d. mature follicle
e. Graafian follicle
corpus albicans
84
which of the following statements concerning the uterus is true
a. the inferior portion is the cervix
b. the isthmus separates the body and the fundus
c. the fundus forms the major portions of this organ
d. the uterine wall is composed of four layers
e, the cervical canal is in the superior portion of the uterus
the inferior portion is the cervix
85
trace the pathway of an egg as it passes through the uterine tube
1. ampulla
2. fimbriae
3. infundibulum
4. isthmus
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 2,4,1,3
c. 3,4,1,2
d. 2,3,1,4
e. 3,1,2,4
2,3,1,4
86
a pap test is used to detect
a. pregnancy
b. the time of ovulation
c. cervical cancer
d. a prolapsed uterus
e. ovarian cancer
cervical cancer
87
the cervix is a portion of the
a. vagina
b. external genitalia
c. oviduct
d. uterine tube
e. uterus
uterus
88
which of the following statements concerning the uterine tube is true
a. the outer layer of the tube is formed by the ampulla
b. the oocyte is moved along the tube by peristaltic contractions of the muscular layer
c. the opening of the uterine tube is the mesosalpinx
d. the portion of the uterine tube closest to the uterus is the infundibulum
e. fimbria are associated with the lining of the tube
the oocyte is moved along the tube by peristaltic contractinos of the muscular layer
89
the layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the
a. perimetrium
b. myometrium
c. hymen
d. endometrium
e. vasometrium
endometrium
90
which of the following pairs is correctly matched
a. broad ligaments - help support the uterus
b. cervix - lined with rugae
c. basal layer - layer of endometrium closest to uterine cavity
d. perimetrium - muscular coat of uterus
e. endometrium - connective tissue layer
broad ligaments - help support the uterus
91
which of the following is a function of the vagina
a. oocyte production
b. reception of penis during intercourse
c. site of fertilization
d. production of estrogen
e. female hormone secretion
reception of penis during intercourse
92
which of the following portions of the vulva is most superior
a. clitoris
b. mons pubis
c. vestibule
d. labia majora
e. labia minora
mons pubis
93
which of the following pairs is mismatched
a. clitoris - erectile tissue
b. labia minora - unite anteriorly to form the prepuce
c. vestibular glands - maintain moistness of vestibule
d. mons pubis - vagina orifice
e. pudendal cleft - space between labia majora
mons pubis - vaginal orifice
94
both the vagina and the urethra open into a space called the
a. urogenital sinus
b. pudendal cleft
c. vestibule
d. prepuce
e. mons pubis
vestibule
95
the secretory sacs of the mammary glands are known as the
a. follicles
b. alveoli
c. lactiferous ducts
d. areolar glands
e. vesicles
alveoli
96
frequently during childbirth, an episiotomy is performed. in this procedure the ____ is cut
a. vagina
b. perineum
c. labia majora
d. labia minora
e. mons pubis
perineum
97
which of the following statements concerning the female mammary glands
is true
a. they are modified sweat glands
b. they are the organs of milk production
c. they may contain large amounts of adipose tissue
d. they are attached to the pectoralis major muscle by Cooper ligaments
e. all of the above
all of the above
98
puberty in a female is characterized by
a. fat deposition in the breasts and around the hips
b. increased muscle mass, especially in the hips
c. growth of facial hair
d. closure of the uterine tubes
e. growth of chest hair
fat deposition in the breasts and around the hips
99
menarche refers to
a. monthly ovulation
b. enlargement of the breasts
c. an increase in the sexual drive
d. the first episode of menstrual bleeding
e. the end of the menstrual cycle
the first episode of menstrual bleeding
100
the average menstrual cycle is about __ days long; ovulation occurs on about day ___
a. 30;24
b. 28;14
c. 24;14
d. 20;10
e. 32;16
28;14
101
the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by
a. ovulation
b. rapid development of ovarian follicles
c. formation of the corpus luteum
d. high progesterone levels
e. maturation of and secretion by uterine glands
rapid development of ovarian follicles
102
the menstrual cycle can be divided into three continuous phases. starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is
a. menses, proliferative, secretory
b. menses, secretory, proliferative
c. secretory, menses, proliferative
d. proliferative, menses, secretory
e. secretory, proliferative, menses
menses, proliferative, secretory
103
one hormone responsible for initiating the development of follicle is
a. HCG
b. progesterone
c. FSH
d. estrogen
e. LH
FSH
104
the LH surge initiates
a. menses
b. ovulation
c. fertilization
d. the second trimester of pregnancy
e. follicle development
ovulation
105
which of the following events in the menstrual cycle occur at the same time
a. maximal LH secretion and menstruation (menstrual flow)
b. early follicular development in the ovaries and maximum thickening of the uterus
c. ovulation and menstruation (menstrual flow)
d. uterine wall begins to thicken and increased estrogen production by the follicles
e. proliferation and secretion
uterine wall begins to thicken and increased estrogen production by the follicles
106
shortly after ovulation
a. the granulosa cells become corpus luteum cells
b. estrogen increases but progesterone decreases
c. the level of LH rises even more than before ovulation
d. GnRH receptors upregulate
e. corpus luteum degenerates
the granulosa cells become corpus luteum cells
107
the hypothalamic hormone that regulates both male and female reproductive cycles is
a. FSH
b. ICSH
c. GnRH
d. LH
e. oxytocin
GnRH
108
which of the following events is caused by LH
a. stimulation of theca interna cells to produce androgens
b. stimulation of granulosa cells to convert androgens to estradiol
c. increase LH receptors in granulosa cells
d. menses
e. oxytocin is released
stimulation of theca interna cells to produce androgens
109
FSH
a. stimulates theca interna cells to produce androgens
b. primarily effects granulosa cells
c. increased progesterone production
d. inhibits LH
e. stimulates the uterus
primarily effects granulosa cells
110
FSH can make the follicle cells more sensitive to LH by increasing
a. GnRH production
b. GnRH receptors
c. LH receptors
d. theca cells
e. estrogen receptors
LH receptors
111
the androgens produced by the theca interna cells are converted to estrogen by
a. corpus luteal cells
b. FSH
c. granulosa cells
GnRH
e. primary oocyte
granulosa cells
112
the gradual increase in estrogen secretion during the follicular phase is the result of
a. declining FSH levels
b. granulosa cells converting androgens to estrogen
c. positive feedback on the anterior pituitary
d. an LH surge
e. luteal development
granulosa cells converting androgens to estrogen
113
which of the listed events occurs last
a. GnRH secreation is stimulated
b. FSH/LH positive-feedback loops produce a series of FSH/LH surges
c. ovulation occurs
d. estrogen produced by theca interna cells increases
e. FSH and LH levels increase
ovulation occurs
114
the hormone hCG is necessary to
a. form the corpus luteum
b. cause the endometrium to proliferate
c. stimulate primary oocytes to divide
d. keep the corpus luteum from degenerating
e. destroy the corpus luteum
keep the corpus luteum from degenerating
115
which of the following events happens after ovulation
a. progesterone production by follicles declines
b. a negative feedback effect on GnRH
c. LH and FSH levels continue to increase
d. GnRH receptors upregulate
e. a positive feedback effect on GnRH
a negative feedback effect on GnRH
116
progesterone
a. increases fallopian tube motility
b. causes uterine muscle contractions
c. causes ovulation
d. causes cellular hypertrophy in the endometrium
e. causes cellular degeneration in the endometrium
causes cellular hypertrophy in the endometrium
117
during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, you would normally expect
a. that the endometrium is just beginning development
b. to find a follicle that is ready to ovulate
c. the highest levels of progesterone that occur during the menstrual cycle
d. the spiral glands to first appear
e. the lowest levels of progesterone
the highest levels of progestoerone that occur during the menstrual cycle
118
normally, menstruation occurs when
a. blood levels of estrogen increase and progesterone levels decrease rapidly
b. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase rapidly
c. blood levels of FSH decrease rapidly
d. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen
e. blood levels of both female hormones decrease rapidly
blood levels of both female hormones decrease rapidly
119
menstrual cramps are most commonly caused by
a. increased FSH levels
b. increased estrogen secretion by the ovary
c. increased prostaglandin secretions
d. increased hCG hormone release
e. a decreased inflammatory response in the endometrium
increased prostaglandin secretions
120
which of the following statements is false
a. estrogen causes endometrial cells to proliferate
b. after ovulation, the endometrium becomes thicker
c. rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract
d. the uterine cycle makes the endometrium a hospitable environment for implantation
e. the endometrium receives the trophoblast
rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract
121
during the female sex act
a. the clitoris become engorged with blood
b. vaginal mucoid secretions are reduced
c. vaginal, uterine, and perineal muscles relax
d. an orgasm always occurs to insure fertilization
e. an orgasm always occurs
the clitoris becomes engorged with blood
122
sexual drive in females
a. is dependent on hormones
b. can be affected by psychological factors, and is influenced by androgens that affect the hypothalamus
e. none of the above
is dependent on hormones, can be affected by psychologicial factors, and is influenced by androgens that affect the hypothalamus
123
assume a couple has just completed intercourse and sperm have been deposited in the woman's reproductive tract. tract the pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive tract to the point where fertilization will most likely occur
1. cervix
2. fallopian tubes
3. cavity of uterus
4. vagina
a. 1,2,3,4
b. 4,1,3,2
c. 4,3,1,2
d. 4,3,2,1
e. 1,3,2,4
4,1,3,2
124
the ovum is viable for __ hours following ovulation
a. 8
b. 12
c. 24
d. 36
e. 48
24
125
spermatozoa may remain viable in the female reproductive tract for as long as
a. 24 hours
b. 48 hours
c. 72 hours
d. 96 hours
e. 144 hours
144 hours (6 days)
126
fertilization can only occur
a. if orgasms occur in both the male and female
b. when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte
c. when there is no menstrual flow
d. after ocytocin is released from the released from the hypothalamus
e. on day 14 of the cycle
when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte
127
fertilization usually occurs in the ____ while fetal development occurs in the ____
a. uterus, vagina
b. uterine tube, uterus
c. uterine tube, fimbriae
d. vagina, uterus
e. ovary, uterus
uterine tube, uterus
128
the corpus luteum
a. degenerates into the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur
b. is absolutely necessary during the first three months of pregnancy
c. produces mostly progesterone, but also some estrogen
d. degenerates into the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur and produces mostly progesterone but also some estrogren
e. degenerates into the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur, is absolutely necessary during the first three month of pregnancy, and produces mostly progesterone, but also some estrogen
degenerates into the corpus albicans if pregnancy does not occur, is absolutely necessary during the first three months of pregnancy, and produces mostly progesterone, but also some estrogen
129
the placenta produces both
a. estrogen and progesterone
b. progesterone and prolactin
c. prolactin and FSH
d. androgens and estrogens
e. oxytocin and prolactin
estrogen and progesterone
130
which of the following hormones is detected by over-the-counter pregnancy kits
a. progesterone
b. estrogen
c. prolactin
d. human chorionic gonadotropin
e. oxytocin
human chorionic gonadotropin
131
implantation
a. occurs prior to fertilization
b. normally occurs in the uterus
c. assists sperm motility in the uterus
d. occurs in the vagina
e. occurs in the cervix
normally occurs in the uterus
132
in an ectopic pregnancy
a. no fertilization occurs
b. implantation does not occur in the uterus
c. a fetus never develops
d. no placenta forms
e. implantation occurs in the uterus
implantation does not occur in the uterus
133
the female climacteric refers to
a. cessation of menstruation
b. time from the onset of irregular menstrual cycles to cessation of those cycles
c. decrease in the sexual drive
d. inability to have sexual intercourse
e. PMS
time from the onset of irregular menstrual cycles to cessation of those cycles
134
hot flashes during the climacteric are thought to be the result of decreased ____levels
a. LH
b. FSH
c. estrogen and progesterone
d. progesterone
e. oxytocin
estrogen and progesterone
135
the contraceptive method in which the penis is removed from the vagina just before ejaculation is called
a. abstinence
b. rhythm method
c. coitus interruptus
d. douching
e. vaginal removal
coitus interruptus
136
the contraceptive method that not only prevents fertilization but also provides protection against sexually transmitted diseases is
a. the condom
b. oral contraceptives
c. spermicidal agents
d. coitus interruptus
e. the diaphragm
the condom
137
which of the following can cause infertility in females
a. PMS
b. heavy, prolonged menses
c. blockage of the uterine tubes
d. an increased libido
e. psychological factors
blockage of the uterine tubes
138
which of the following is NOT an age-related change in the male reproductive system
a. increase in erectile dysfunction
b. prostatic hypertrophy
c. size and weight of testes decrease
d. decline of sperm production until no more sperm are produced
decline of sperm production until no more sperm are produced
139
which of the following is NOT an age-related change of the female reproductive system
a. dryness of the vagina
b. decreased estrogen and progesterone production
c. cessation of the menses
d. decreased incidence of breast cancer
decreased incidence of breast cancer
140
sex cells are called
a. gametes
b. spermatocytes
c. zygotes
d. chromosomes
gametes
141
meiosis produces ___ in humans
a. sperm cells and oocytes
b. somatic cells
c. somatic cells and sex cells
d. neurons
e. muscle cells
sperm cells and oocytes
142
a typical ejaculation results in the discharge of 2 to 5 mL of the fluid called
a. semen
b. sperm cells
c. seminal vesicle secretions
d. mucus
e. prostatic secretions
semen
143
which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system
a. development and nourishment of a new individual
b. production of gametes
c. creation of antibodies
d. fertilization
e. production of reproductive hormones
creation of antibodies
144
centromeres divide in
a. mitosis and meiosis I
b. mitosis and meiosis II
c. meiosis II only
d. meiosis I and meiosis II
e. mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II
mitosis and meiosis II
145
the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids that may result in new gene combinations on the chromosomes is called
a. crossing over
b. synapsis
c. duplication
d. reduction division
e. random assortment
crossing over
146
the onset of puberty in females typically occurs between the ages of ____ and occurs _____ that in males
a. 14 and 18; eariler than
b. 13 and 16; later than
c. 11 and 16; eariler than
d. 12 and 16; at the same time as
11 and 16; eariler than
147
what is the cessation of menstruation referred to as
a. menarche
b. menopause
c. climacteric
d. pubarche
menopause
148
at the end of meiosis I, there are ______ whereas at the end of meiosis II, there is/are _____
a. two diploid cells; one diploid cell
b. two diploid cells; one haploid cell
c. two diploid cells; four haploid cells
d. two haploid cells; four haploid cells
e. two haploid cells; one diploid cell
two haploid cells; four haploid cells
149
which of the following is the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction
a. it reduces the size of the gametes
b. it produces at least one gamete that is mobile
c. it prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation
d. it ensures that each daughter cell doubles the number of chromosomes
e. it changes the genetic composition of each chromosome
it prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation
150
true/false meiosis I is a reduction division
true
151
a reduction division is one in which
a. the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction take place
b. the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had
c. one daughter cell is substantially reduced in size compared to the parent cell
d. the size of chromosomes is reduced from double-stranded to single-stranded
the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had
152
sister chromatids are pulled apart in
a. prophase I
b. anaphase I
c. interphase
d. prophase II
e. anaphase II
anaphase II
153
true/false the final products of the two meiotic divisions are four haploid daughter cells from an original diploid cell
true
154
true/false only cells of the testes or ovaries undergo meiosis, which produces four haploid (n) cells with 23 chromosomes each
true
155
which of the following is the correct pathway of sperm cells from their formation to ejaculation
a. seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, urethra, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens
b. seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, urethra
c. seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
d. seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatroy duct, urethra
e. seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra, ductus deferens
seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
156
which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier
a. it prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the reproductive cells
b. it prevents heat loss from the testes
c. it prevents blood from getting to the testes
d. it maintains testis temperature at 35°C
e. it maintains testis temperature at 37°C
it prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the reproductive cells
157
men have only one _____
a. bulbourethral gland
b. prostate
c. ejaculatory duct
d. seminal vesicle
e. corpus cavernosum
prostate
158
why would an enlarged prostate interfere with urination
a. it inhibits urine production
b. it develops calcified deposits that bloc the urethra
c. it produces thicker prostatic secretions that block the urethra
d. it inhibits the micturition reflex
e. it compresses the urethra
it compresses the urethra
159
_____ stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete ______
a. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); LH
b. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
c. luteinizing hormone (LH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
d. luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone
e. luteinizing hormone (LH); estrogen
luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone
160
_____ have 46 chromosomes, whereas ____ have 23
a. spermatids; sperm cells
b. primary spermatocytes; spermatids
c. secondary spermatocytes; primary spermatocytes
d. spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes; spermatids
161
which of the following explains the neural mechnaism of an erection
a. it is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers
b. it is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers
c. it is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers
d. it is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers
e. it is an exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cerebral cortex
it is an autonomic reflex mediated prodominantly by parasympathetic nerver fibers
162
which stage of meiosis is an ovulated cell in
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. telophase I
d. telophase II
e. metaphase II
metaphase II
163
in the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as
a. primary follicles
b. secondary follicles
c. tertiary follicles
d. Graafian follicles
e. promordial follicles
primordial follicles
164
which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase
a. GnRH
b. FSH
c. LH
d. progesterone
e. estradiol
progesterone
165
which of the following statements does not correctly contrast the female and male reproductive systems
a. the male reproductive system produces and stores gametes, whereas the female reproductive system only stores gametes
b. the female reproductive system produces secretions to nourish the neonate; the male reproductive system does not
c. the male reproductive system produces gametes from puberty until death of the individual; the female reproductive system normally seases gamete production during the middle age
d. all of the above are correct
the male reproductive system produces and stores gametes, whereas the female reproductive system only stores gametes
166
when comparing oogenesis and spermatogenesis, which of the following is not true
a. both oogenesis and spermatogenesis produce four functional gametes
b. oogenesis and spermatogenesis produce haploid gametes
c. the products of oogenesis and spermatogenesis have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
d. oogenesis and spermatogenesis begin in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
both oogenesis and spermatogenesis produce four functional gametes
167
if 5 reproductive cells divide by meiosis, the total number of gametes produced in a male would be _____ the total number of gametes produced in a female would be _____
a. 20;5
b. 20;10
c. 20;20
d. 10;5
20;5
168
which of the following statements is true about gametogenesis in humans
a. gametogenesis produced haploid cells
b. when considering one parent cell, spermatogenesis produces 4 functional gametes and oogenesis produces 2 functional gametes
c. gametogenesis is continuous throughout an individual's lifetime
d. gametogenesis ceases to occur around middle age in both males and females
gametogenesis produces haploid cells
169
damage to the ____ would greatly reduce the amount of nutrient molecules provided to sperm cells
a. seminal vesicles
b. bulbourethral glands
c. prostate gland
d. membranous urethra
seminal vesicles
170
if the ____ were blocked due to scarring or surgical procedure, the fertilization of the _____ would be prevents
a. uterine tube; secondary oocyte
b. uterine tube; ovum
c. uterus; primary oocyte
d. uterus; ovum
uterine tube; secondary oocyte
171
which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum
a. estrogen
b. follicle stimulating hormone
c. progesterone
d. luteinizing hormone
e. testosterone
progesterone
