ch. 27 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water
a. plasma
b. interstitial compartment
c. intracellular compartment
d. extracellular compartment
e. lymph
A
intracellular compartment
2
Q
which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water
a. plasma
b. interstitial compartment
c. intracellular compartment
d. extracellular compartment
e. cytoplasm
A
plasma
3
Q
synovial fluid is a part of which of the following fluid compartments
a. plasma
b. interstitial
c. intracellular
d. extracellular
e. cytoplasm
A
extracellular
4
Q
which of the following individuals would have the largest percentage of their body weight as water
a. a 7m/o female
b. a lean 35 y/o male athlete
c. a chunky 52y/o male athlete
d. a healthy 88y/o male
e. an adult female marathon runner
A
a 7m/o female
5
Q
which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting
a. 3y/o male
b. 15y/o male
c. 35y/o male
d. 35y/o female
e. 50y/o male
A
3y/o male
6
Q
extracellular fluid has a _____
a. higher protein content than intracellular fluid
b. higher K+ content than intracellular fluid
c. higher Na+ content than intracellular
d. higher Mg2+ content than intracellular fluid
e. higher number of large organic molecules than intracellular fluid
A
higher Na+ content than intracellular fluid
7
Q
the predominant intracellular cation is
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca2+
d. Mg2+
e. Cl-
A
K+
8
Q
the predominant extracellular cation is
a. bicarbonate
b. Na+
c. Cl-
d. K+
e. H+
A
Na+
9
Q
the distribution of Na+ and K+ between intracellular and extracellular compartments is
a. K+ mainly intracellular; Na+ mainly in extracellular
b. Na+ mainly intracellular; K+ mainly in extracellular
c. little of either intracellular but large amounts of both extracellular
d. equal amounts of both ions in both intracellular and extracellular fluids
e. none of the above
A
K+ mainly intracellular; Na+ mainly in extracellular
10
Q
one difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid is that the plasma has significantly more ______ than interstitial fluid
a. protein
b. bicarbonate
c. Cl-
d. water volume
e. H+
A
protein
11
Q
serum electrolyte concentrations are most often expressed as
a. mg%
b. mmHg
c. mg/dl
d. mEq/L
e. none of the above
A
mEq/L
12
Q
the predominant extracellular anion is
a. protein
b. phosphate
c. bicarbonate
d. Cl-
e. Na+
A
Cl-
13
Q
where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found
a. plasma
b. intracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. lymph
A
interstitial fluid
14
Q
water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of
a. osmosis
b. filtration
c. facilitated diffusion
d. active transport
e. endocytosis
A
osmosis
15
Q
the cation that plays a major role in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma is
a. Na+
b. K+
c. Cl-
d. phosphate
e. H+
A
Na+
16
Q
the major route of excretion for Na+ (under normal conditions) is the
a. skin
b. kidney
c. GI tract
d. adrenal cortex
e. sweat
A
kidney
17
Q
when aldosterone is absent, Na+ reabsorption in the nephron is
a. greatly increased
b. greatly decreased
c. unchanged
A
greatly decreased
18
Q
as the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of Na+ lost in the urine
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains the same
A
decreases
19
Q
receptors sensitive to changes in the osmolality of extracellular fluid are the
a. baroreceptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. osmoreceptors
d. pressoreceptors
e. proprioreceptors
A
osmoreceptors
20
Q
renin is released by the
a. lungs
b. kidney
c. spleen
d. liver
e. pancreas
A
kidney
21
Q
which of the following events occurs last
a. release of renin by the kidney
b. release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
c. sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules
d. angiotensinogen –> angiotension I
e. angiotension I –> angiotension II
A
sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules
22
Q
the primary regulator of plasma Na+ concentration is
a. renin
b. aldosterone
c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d. atrial natriuretic hormone
e. insulin
A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
23
Q
which of the following is most likely to happen to a group of students who relax by drinking a pitcher of their favorite beverage
a. an increase in urine volume
b. an increase in urine osmolality
c. an increase in ADH production
d. increased aldosterone secretion
e. a decrease in urine volume
A
an increase in urine volume
24
Q
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a. increases plasma osmolality
b. is secreted by the anterior pituitary
c. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
d. causes the production of a large volume of urine
e. increases urine volume
A
increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
25
a decrease in plasma osmolality would increase
a. ADH production
b. plasma Na+ levels
c. renin production
d. urine production
e. thirst
urine production
26
the stimulus for secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone is increased
a. blood osmolality
b. aldosterone production
c. blood pressure in atria of heart
d. blood pressure in the kidney's afferent arterioles
e. blood pressure in the ventricles of the heart
blood pressure in atria of heart
27
which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation
a. osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
b. arterial baroreceptors
c. juxtaglomerular apparatus
d. mouth mucosa
mouth mucosa
28
loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called _____ and is important in ______ control
a. insensible perspiration; blood volume
b. insensible perspiration; heat loss
c. sensible perspiration; blood volume
d. sensible persperation; temperature
insensible persperation; heat loss
29
elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because
a. baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion
b. elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion
c. the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased
d. aldosterone levels increase
e. baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion
baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion
30
you've been working outside in the hot sun and are dripping wet with sweat. your fluid intake has been minimal as you have been too busy to stop and get a drink. you would expect
a. your blood osmolality to be low
b. an increase in the production of urine
c. aldosterone levels to decrease
d. ADH levels to increase
e. ADH levels to decrease
ADH levels to increase
31
increased ADH secretion could be stimulated by which of the following situations
a. increased renal blood flow
b. increased blood osmolality
c. increased artrial natriuretic hormone production
d. increased blood pressure
e. decreased blood osmolality
increased blood osmolality
32
atrial natriuretic hormone increases
a. urine volume
b. ADH secretion
c. aldosterone secretion
d. the reabsorption of Na+
e. blood volume
urine volume
33
which characteristic of the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid
a. presense of channels in the membrane
b. presence of lipids in the membrane
c. being selectively permeable
d. high Na+ concentration inside the cell
being selectively permeable
34
t/f the composition of extracellular fluid has little affect on intracellular fluid amounts
false
35
which of the following would be expected to cause hyponatremia
a. high intake of Na+
b. increased aldosterone production
c. increased urine output
d. decreased aldosterone
e. decreased ADH production
decreased aldosterone production
36
oversecretion of aldosterone causes
a. hyperkalemia
b. hypercalcemia
c. hypernatremia
d. increased urine volume
e. hyponatremia
hypernatremia
37
chloride ions
a. are cations
b. are found only inside cells
c. are part of the DNA molecule
d. are regulated with Na+
e. are not found in extracellular fluid
are regulated with Na+
38
decreased extracellular K+ levels cause
a. cells to become more excitable
b. hyperpolarization of plasma membranes
c. more action potentials to be generated
d. increased permeability of plasma membranes
e. hypopolarization of plasma membranes
hyperpolarization of plasma membranes
39
which of the following statements concerning K+ is false
a. an increase in the extracellular K+ concentration leads to depolarization
b. potassium ions are secreted into the nephron by the distal convoluted tubule
c. when aldosterone levels are high, K+ secretion is low
d. aldosterone secretion is stimulated by high blood levels of K+
e. none of the above
when aldosterone levels are high, K+ secretion is low
40
potassium levels in the body are regulated by
a. ADH
b. PTH
c. calcitonin
d. aldosterone
e. insulin
aldosterone
41
oversecretion of aldosterone causes
a. decreased secretion of Ca2+ by the kidney
b. increased secretion of K+ by the kidney
c. decreased reabsorption of Na+ by the kidney
d. increased reabsorption of phosphate ions by the kidney
e. decreased secretion of K+ by the kidney
increased secretion of K+ by the kidney
42
aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by
a. ADH
b. elevated K+ levels
c. excess water intake
d. elevated Na+ levels
e. low K+ levels
elevated K+ levels
43
the most common cause of hyperkalemia is
a. vomiting
b. increased dietary intake
c. increased urinary output
d. cellular injury or death
e. diarrhea
cellular injury or death
44
which of the following will the body begin to do in order to compensate for hyperkalemia
a. vasoconstriction of blood vessels
b. increase ADH secretion
c. decreased aldosterone secretion
d. increase the release of atrial natriuretic hormone
e. increase aldosterone secretion
increase aldosterone secretion
45
hyperkalemia is defined as
a. excess excitability of kalems
b. reductions of plasma Ca2+ level
c. increase in plasma K+ level
d. increase in plasma Na+ level
e. decrease in plasma K+ level
increase in plasma K+ level
46
which of the following is correctly matched
a. alkalosis - hypokalemia
b. cell destruction - hypokalemia
c. increased secretion of aldosterone - hyperkalemia
d. overuse or diuretics - hyperkalemia
e. acidosis - hypokalemia
alkalosis - hypokalemia
47
most of the Ca2+ in the body is in the
a. bones
b. plasma
c. kidneys
d. GI tract
e. extracellular fluid
bones
48
in hypocalcemia
a. depolarization is prevented
b. PTH production is reduced
c. blood Ca2+ levels are increased
d. neuromuscular excitability
e. neuromuscular excitability decreases
neuromuscular excitability increases
49
calcium balance is influenced by
a. ADH and parathyroid hormone levels
b. ADH and aldosterone levels
c. parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels
d. aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels
e. insulin and glucagon
parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels
50
calcium's roles in the body include
a. bone health
b. muscle contraction
c. blood clotting
d. action potentials in heart muscle
e. all of the above
all of the above
51
an increase in parathyroid hormone levels results in
a. increased rate of bone resorption
b. increased rate of vitamin D degradation
c. increased concentration of K+ in the urine
d. increased rate of Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys
e. decreased levels of blood Ca2+
increased rate of bone resorption
52
adequate Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract depends on
a. serum K+ levels
b. serum calcitonin levels
c. adequate amounts of vitamin D
d. the osmolality of the extracellular fluid
e. adequate amounts of vitamin C
adequate amounts of vitamin D
53
stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone is a decrease in serum _____ levels
a. K+
b. Ca2+
c. calcitonin
d. phosphate
e. Na+
Ca2+
54
parathyroid hormone affects the
a. bones, heart, and blood
b. kidney, liver, and spleen
c. intestine, kidneys, and bone
d. liver, stomach, and small intestine
e. stomach, pancreas, and bone
intestine, kidneys, and bone
55
what is the main role of Mg2+ in the body
a. muscle contraction
b. nerve impulse
c. blood clotting
d. cofactors for intracellular enzymes
cofactors for intracellular enzymes
56
the main regulator of serum phosphate levels is a transport process in the
a. liver
b. kidneys
c. pancreas
d. small intestine
e. large intestine
kidneys
57
a major complication of thyroid surgery is the accidental damaging or removal of the parathyroid glands. this damage or removal of the parathyroid glands can result in
a. increased Na2+ retention
b. increased plasma volume
c. decreased plasma Ca2+
d. delaying healing
e. increased plasma Ca2+
decreased plasma Ca2+
58
calcitonin
a. promotes the absorption of Ca2+ from the gastrointestinal tract
b. promotes osteoclast activity in the bones
c. reduces Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys
d. reduces extracellular Ca2+ ion levels
e. increases blood Ca2+ levels
reduced extracellular Ca2+ ion levels
59
increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid
a. increases thirst
b. inhibits ADH
c. increases renin secretion
d. increases aldosterone secretion
e. decreases thirst
increases thirst
60
the sensation of thirst results from
a. an increase in the plasma volume
b. hypertension (increased blood pressure)
c. stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus
d. a decrease in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid
e. stimulation of baroreceptors
stimulation of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus
61
angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating
a. thirst
b. vasodilatation
c. water movement into the cells
d. renal excretion of Na+
e. ADH production
thirst
62
under normal conditions, most water loss from the body is through the
a. skin
b. kidneys
c. lungs
d. GI tract
e. sweat
kidneys
63
which of the following is an example of water conservation by the body
a. diarrhea
b. perspiration
c. decreased water intake
d. decreased urine volume
e. increased urine volume
decreased urine volume
64
sensible perspiration
a. contains only water
b. is water lost through simple evaporation
c. is secreted by the sweat glands
d. is invisible on the skin
e. is secreted by salivary glands
is secreted by the sweat glands
65
loss of a large volume of sweat will
a. decrease the hematocrit
b. decrease ADH production
c. increases the blood pressure
d. increase the osmolality of body fluid
e. decrease the osmolality of body fluid
increase the osmolality of body fluids
66
in which of the following situations does one see large volumes of dilute urine produced
a. ADH levels decrease
b. renin levels increase
c. aldosterone levels increase
d. parathyroid hormone levels decrease
e. ADH levels increase
ADH levels decrease
67
a person working in the hot sun loses the greatest amount of water from the
a. lungs
b. urine
c. mouth
d. skin
e. GI tract
skin
68
pH
a. increases with acidity
b. is measured on a scale of 0 to 10
c. is a measure of the H+ concentration
d. reflects Na+ content of body fluids
e. is not related to amounts of CO2 in the body
is a measure of the H+ concentration
69
which of the following substances releases H+ into a solution
a. acids
b. bases
c. salts
d. glucose
e. water
acids
70
chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called
a. buffers
b. inhibitors
c. accelerators
d. activators
e. stabilizers
buffers
71
if the H+ concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by
a. removing excess H+ from the plasma
b. releasing H+ into the plasma
c. dissociating into H+ and CO3-
d. combining with Cl-
e. combining with hemoglobin
removing excess H+ from the plasma
72
which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body
a. bicarbonate
b. phosphate
c. protein
d. NaCl
e. hemoglobin
NaCl
73
body fluid pH will rise dramatically when
a. Na+ is excreted by the kidney
b. large amounts of bicarbonate are ingested
c. carbonic acid is formed
d. the respiratory rate decreases
e. CO2 levels increase
large amounts of bicarbonate are ingested
74
as a result of hyperventilation
a. the body pH decreases
b. the plasma PCO2 level decreases
c. the kidney will increase the rate of H+ excreton
d. more bicarbonate ions are added to the plasma
e. the plasma PCO2 levels increases
the plasma PCO2 level decreases
75
an increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a/an ____ in H+ ions and a/an ____ in blood pH
a. decrease; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. increase; increase
d. increase; decrease
e. increase; no change
increase; decrease
76
which of the following terms does not belong with the other three
a. acidosis
b. pH increases
c. H+ concentratoin increases
d. carbonic acid levels increase
e. pH decreases
pH increases
77
Wilma's plasma pH is 7.2 which of the following indicates that the body is attempting to compensate and return the body pH to normal
a. an increase in respiration rate
b. a decrease in respiration rate
c. no change in respiration rate
an increase in respiration rate
78
in renal compensation of acidosis
a. H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion increases
b. H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases
c. H+ secretion increase; bicarbonate reabsorption increases
d. H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate excretion increases
e. H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion decreases
H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases
79
which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine
a. ammonia
b. bicarbonate ions
c. phosphate ions
d. all of the above
all of the above
80
the normal pH for blood plasma is
a. 7.00
b. 7.25 - 7.35
c. 7.35 - 7.45
d. 7.45 - 7.55
e. 6.80 - 7.20
7.35-7.45
81
once alkalosis has occurred, which of the following would you expect to happen
a. increased respiratory rate
b. a plasma pH less than 7.40
c. retention of H+ by the kidney
d. increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
e. secretion of H+ by the kidney
retention of H+ by the kidney
82
hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to
a. increased secretion of H+
b. decreased secretion of H+
c. no change
decreased secretion of H+
83
when normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of H+, which of the following will result
a. acidosis
b. alkalosis
c. neither
acidosis
84
a falling blood pH and a rising concentration of CO2 due to emphysema, indicate
a. metabolic acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis
e. none of the above
respiratory acidosis
85
ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to
a. metabolic acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis
e. none of the above
metabolic alkalosis
86
respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of
a. asphyxia
b. asthma
c. severe emphysema
d. hyperventilation
e. hypoventilation
hyperventilation
87
prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in
a. metabolic acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis
e. none of the above
metabolic alkalosis
88
which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L
a. increased urine output
b. an increased release of ADH
c. an increase in renin production
d. an increase in the secretion of aldosterone
e. a decreased release of ADH
an increased release of ADH
89
the increase in extracellular osmolality would cause
a. water to move out of the cells
b. water to move into the cells
c. no change
water to move out of the cells
90
the K+ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. low plasma K+ levels will cause
a. thirst
b. muscle weakness
c. increased body temperature
d. tremors, tetany, and convulsions
e. paralysis
muscle weakness
91
91) Robert has an enteropathogenic E. coli infection resulting in severe diarrhea for 2 days. This
could produce which of the following:
(1) Acidosis
(2) Alkalosis
(3) Increased respiration
(4) Decreased respiration
(5) Increased ADH secretion
(6) Increased renin secretion
(7) Increased urine concentration
A) 1, 3, 5, 6, 7
B) 2, 4, 5, 6, 7
C) 1, 3, 6
D) 2, 4, 5, 7
E) 1, 4, 5, 7
1,3,5,6,7
92
Acetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic that functions by blocking the activity of carbonic
anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This slows the formation of carbonic acid, which slows H+
the formation in the cells and Na+ reabsorption at the tubule. This results in the diuretic effect.
Select from the following list the possible side-effects of Azetazolamide.
(1) Acidosis
(2) Reduced movement of bicarbonate ion into the plasma
(3) An alkaline urine is produced
(4) Respiration increases
A) 1, 4
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 2, 3, 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4
1,2,3,4
93
Edema results when the amount of ________ fluid increases.
A) interstitial
B) intracellular
C) plasma
D) cerebrospinal
E) synovial
interstitial
94
Which of the following are sources of water intake? (Check all that apply.)
A) Cellular metabolism
B) Ingestion
C) Perspiration
D) Respiratory intake
E) Osmosis
cellular metabolism
ingestion
95
Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract will cause ________ in thirst
sensations.
A) a temporary interruption
B) a tremendous increase
C) an increase in blood osmolarity and an increase
D) an increase in blood osmolarity and a decrease
a temporary interruption
96
An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a/an ________ in the secretion of ADH and a/an ________ in thirst.
A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase
increase; increase
97
Which cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?
A) Plasma membrane
B) Cell wall
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Ribosomes
E) Nucleus
plasma membrane
98
Which organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of Na+? (Check all that apply.)
A) Skin
B) Kidneys
C) Lungs
D) Liver
skin
kidney
99
99) Sodium homeostasis leads to the homeostasis of ________.
A) chloride
B) hydrogen
C) calcium
D) potassium
E) magnesium
chloride (extracellular cation and anion)
100
Which hormone regulates K+ levels, and how does it work?
A) Aldosterone; increases secretion of K+
B) Aldosterone; increases reabsorption of K+
C) ADH; increases secretion of K+
D) ADH; increases reabsorption of K+
E) ANH; increases reabsorption of K+
aldosterone; increases secretion of K+
101
Parathyroid hormone increases the activity of ________ in bone and increases the rate of Ca2+ ________ in the kidney tubules.
A) osteoclast; reabsorption
B) osteoblast; reabsorption
C) osteocyte; reabsorption
D) osteocyte; secretion
E) osteoblast; secretion
osteoclast; reabsorption
102
Name the ion that commonly serves as a cofactor for intracellular enzymes, such as the
sodium-potassium pump.
A) Magnesium
B) Calcium
C) Hydrogen
D) Carbonate
E) Phosphate
magnesium
103
What roles does phosphate play in the body? (select 3)
A) It is found in the salts of bone and teeth.
B) It is an important component of several macromolecules.
C) It affects neuromuscular activity.
D) It is part of an important intracellular buffer system.
E) It affects the action of the sodium-potassium pump.
A,B,D
104
Slight deviations from the normal concentration of ________ can shut down metabolic pathways as well as alter the structure and function of other macromolecules.
A) H+
B) K+
C) Na+
D) phosphate
E) glucose
H+
105
Which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system?
A) Regulation of the pH of the intracellular environment.
B) Regulating pH changes of the blood during exercise.
C) Regulation of blood pH during elevated fat metabolism.
D) Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the respiratory system.
E) Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the kidneys.
regulation of pH of the intracellular environment
106
When blood pH decreases, which of the following occurs to correct the imbalance?
A) The respiratory center increases the breathing rate.
B) The respiratory center decreases the breathing rate.
C) Less CO2 is expelled from the lungs.
D) More CO2 is expelled from the lungs.
E) The carbonic acid/bicarbonate equation is driven to the right.
the respiratory center increases the breathing rate
107
Decreased extracellular K+ levels cause
A) cells to become more excitable.
B) hyperpolarization of plasma membranes.
C) more action potentials to be generated.
D) increased permeability of plasma membranes.
E) hypopolarization of plasma membranes.
hyperpolarization of plasma membranes
108
A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is ________.
A) blood pressure
B) positive interstitial pressure
C) blood colloid osmotic pressure
D) critical closing pressure
E) lymph pressure
blood pressure
109
Edema can occur when there is
A) an increase in the amount of plasma proteins.
B) a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins.
C) a decrease in blood pressure.
D) a blockage of the lymphatics.
E) an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure.
a blockage of the lymphatics
