Ch 3 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
All organisms are composed of…
A
Cells
2
Q
Cells are responsible for…
A
All structural and functional properties of a living organism
3
Q
The _____ is the simplest structural & functional unit of life.
A
Cell
4
Q
Cells only come from _____ cells, not from non-living matter.
A
Pre-existing
5
Q
Describe a Squamous cell
A
Thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge
6
Q
Describe a Polygonal cell
A
Irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
7
Q
Describe a Stellate cell
A
Starlike shape
8
Q
Describe a Cuboidal cell
A
Squarish and about as tall as it is wide
9
Q
Describe a Columnar cell
A
Taller than wide
10
Q
Describe a Spheroid to ovoid cell
A
Round to Oval
11
Q
Describe a Discoid cell
A
Disc-shaped
12
Q
Describe a Fusiform cell
A
Thick in the middle, tapered toward the ends
13
Q
Describe a Fibrous cell
A
Threadlike shape
14
Q
Stellate cells are used by…
A
the nervous system
15
Q
Fusiform cells are found in…
A
smooth muscle
16
Q
Spheroid cells are found in…
A
female sex cells (oo cyte/egg). Also in immune system
17
Q
Fibrous cells can be found in…
A
muscles such as biceps
18
Q
Polygonal cells are found in…
A
skin
19
Q
Red blood cells are an example of what type of cell?
A
Discoid
20
Q
What happens if a cell is too big?
A
Nutrients can take too long to get to the center
21
Q
What is the problem with a cell being too small?
A
Nutrients enter and exit too quickly not allowing time for absorption.
22
Q
Give the formulas for finding the area of a square and the volume of a square.
A
Area = W x H Volume = L x W x H
23
Q
The surface area of a cell is proportional to…
A
the square of its diameter
24
Q
The volume of a cell is proportional to…
A
the cube of its diameter
25
If a cell becomes too large, it may...
rupture
26
Describe the plasma (cell) membrane
* Surrounds cell, defines boundries
* Made of proteins and lipids
* Composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another or from cell to cell
27
What does Cytoplasm consist of?
* Organelles
* Cytoskeleton
* Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
28
Define Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of the cell
29
Proteins are made of
Amino Acids
30
Monomers come together to form
Polymers
31
Lipids are made of
fatty acids and glycerol
32
Where does Transcription take place?
Nucleus
33
Where does Translation take place?
The Ribosomes in the rough ER
34
What does ER stand for?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
35
What does smooth ER do?
Detoxifies alcohol
36
What type of cell is this?
Columnar
37
What type of cell is this?
Cuboidal
38
What type of cell is this?
Discoid
39
What type of cell is this?
Fibrous
40
What type of cell is this?
Fusiform
41
What type of cell is this?
Polygonal
42
What type of cell is this?
Spheroidal
43
What type of cell is this?
Squamous
44
What type of cell is this?
Stellate
45
Cuboidal and Columnar cells are good for
absorbtion and secretion
46
What type of cells are commonly found in glands?
Cuboidal
47
What type of cells are commonly found in the GI tract/digstive system?
Columnar
48
What type of cell is shaped like a football with tapered ends and is found in smooth muscle?
Fusiform
49
What type of cells are red blood cells?
Discoid
50
What type of cells are found in in skin? (not the surface cells)
Polygonal
51
Stallate cells are used by
the nervous system
52
Female oocytes or eggs are what type of cell?
Spheroidal
53
What is the problem with a cell that is too small?
Nutrients enter and exit too quickly with no chance for absorbtion
54
What is the problem with a cell that is too big?
It takes too long for the nutrients to get to the center
55
True or False
The greater the surface area, the lower the rate of diffusion is.
False
56
If a cell becomes too large, it may
rupture
57
A cell membrane is made of _____ with ______ heads and _____ tails.
* plasma
* hydrophlic
* hydrophobic
58
When drawing the cell membrane, what is the order of heads and tails?
Heads, tails, tails, heads
59
Cytoplasm consists of what 3 things?
1. Organelles
2. Cytoskeleton
3. Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
60
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is
fluid outside of the cell
61
A protein floating on the top of the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane is called a
peripheral protein
62
What do carbohydrate chains do for the cell
Identify it so that it doesn't get attacked by the immune system
63
A transmembrane protein is
a protein that protrudes both inner and outer sides of the cell membrane
64
What does cholesterol do for the cell membrane?
stiffens it
65
Carbohydrate chains can attach to both a
glycoprotein and peripheral protein on the cell's surface
66
98% of the molecules in a plasma membrane are
lipids
67
75% of membrane lipids are
phospholipids
68
Amphiphilic molecules make up the
bilayer of the cell
69
Hydrophilic phosphate heads face
the water on each side of the membrane
70
Hydrophobic tails face
the center of the membrane avoiding water
71
Cholesterol makes up \_\_\_% of membrane lipids
20%
72
5% of the membrane lipids are
Glycolipids
73
Glycolipids are
phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on the extracellular face
74
True or False
Extracellular and the cell surface are the same thing.
True
75
Glycocalyx is a
carbohydrate coating on the cell surface
76
\* Transmembrane proteins allow for the
passing of material in and out of the cell
77
What is a Receptor transmembrane protein do?
A receptor that binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells.
78
What does an Enzyme transmembrane protein do?
Breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates it's effect.
79
\* What is an Ion Channel transmembrane protein?
A channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass in and out of the cell.
80
\* What is a gated ion channel transmembrane protein?
A gated channel proten that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times.
81
What is a cell-identity marker protein?
A transmembrane glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body's own cells from foreign cells.
82
What is a CAM?
A Cell-adhesion molecule that binds one cell to another cell.
83
\* Explain the messenger process from first to second messenger to effect.
* Hormone/messenger is received by the recepter transmembrane protein.
* The recepter protein internally releases a G protein that binds to an enzyme.
* The enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
* cAMP activates a cytoplasmic enzyme called kinase which triggers varied metabolic effects in the cell
84
The fuzzy external coat on the membrane is called
the glycocalyx
85
True or False
Glycocalyx are unique in everyone but identical twins.
True
86
What are 7 functions of glycocalyx?
1. Protection
2. Immunity to infection
3. Defense against cancer
4. Transplant compatibility
5. Cell adhesion
6. Fertilization
7. Embbryonic development
87
"Brush border" on a cell is also known as
Microvilli
88
What is the purpose of microvilli
to increase the cell's surface area
89
\* Microvilli are found in the
digestive tract
90
Cilia serve to
move particles
91
Motile cilia are found in what places?
* respiratory tract
* uterine tubes
* ventricles of the brain
* efferent ductules of testes
92
What are flagella? Where are they found in humans?
A tail like structure that serves to provide movement. In humans they are only found on male sperm cells.
93
Endocytosis is
Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell
94
What are the three types of Endocytosis?
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Recepter-mediated endocytosis
95
What is Phagocytosis?
The process of a Phagocyte engufing large particles (cell eating)
96
What is Pinocytosis?
A cell taking in droplets of ECF (extra-cellular fluid) containing molecules useful to the cell.
97
What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
The particle attaches to a receptor transmembrane protein on the extracellular side and then triggers the internal secondary messenger system.
98
What is a vesicle?
A bubble-like enclosure of membrane.
99
What is vesicular transport?
The processes that move large particles, droplets or numerous molecules at once through the cell membrane.
100
What is the Cytoskeleton?
A collection of filaments and cylinders that determines size, shape, organization of contents and directs movement of substances through the cell.
101
Name the three components that make up the cytoskeleton in order of size (smallest to largest) and the purpose of each.
1. Microfilaments: forms terminal web
2. Intermediate fibers: provide support, strength and structure.
3. Microtubules: provide movement ***and carries chromozone***
102
Name the main organelles of a cell and their general function.
1. Nucleus: DNA replication (Transcription)
2. Smooth ER: Detoxify alcohol
3. Rough ER: Houses ribosomes
4. Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins (Translation)
5. Gogi Complex: Tags the proteins and packages for intra or extracellular use
6. Mitochondria: Synthesize ATP
103
\* What proteins carry out the
104
\* A destroyed nucleus effects
Transcription
105
\* Destroyed ribosomes efffect
Translation
106
\* Mitochondria produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ATP, energy
107
\* What type of cell is good for diffusion?
Simple squamous
108
\* What types of cells are good for secretion and absorption?
Columnar and Cuboidal
109
* Hypo =
* Hyper =
* Iso =
* less
* more
* equal
110
\* An enzyme is a protein that _______ the activating energy to make a reaction occur \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lowers, faster
