Ch 4 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
DNA and other nucleic acids are
A
polymers of nucleotides
2
Q
* Each DNA nucleotide consits of what three things?
A
- Sugar (deoyribose)
- Phosphate (Backbone)
- Nitrogenous base
3
Q
* Which has Uracil, DNA or RNA?
A
RNA
4
Q
* What are the hydrogen bonds DNA (nitrogenous) bases?
A
A ⇉ T
Adenine has a double hydrogen bond to Thymine
C ⇶ G
Cytosine has a triple bond to Guanine
5
Q
What are the two purines?
A
- Adenine
- Guanine
6
Q
What are the to pyrimidines?
A
- Cytosine
- Thymine
7
Q
Genes are…
A
genetic instructions for the synthesis of proteins
8
Q
A gene is…
A
a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that synthesizes a specific protein
9
Q
The Genome are…
A
all the genes of one person.
10
Q
* What types of cells do glands contain?
A
Cuboidal
11
Q
Transcription occurs in the
A
nucleus
12
Q
DNA ⟶ mRNA is the process of
A
Transcription
13
Q
mRNA ⟶ Protein is the process of
A
Translation
14
Q
mRNA =
A
messenger
15
Q
rRNA =
A
ribosomal
16
Q
tRNA =
A
Transfer
17
Q
Translation is
A
the process that converts nucleotides into amino acids.
18
Q
Ribosomes are resoponsible for
A
translating/converting the nucleotides (RNA) into amino acids (proteins)
19
Q
Outline the process of translation/transcription to completed protein.
A
- DNA is duplicated in nucleus
- mRNA is released to ribosomes in the rough ER
- Ribosomes convert the mRNA info to proteins and releases to Golgi complex
- Golgi complex identifies the protein and packages it to be used inside the cell or to be released for extracellular use.
20
Q
Before a cell divides, it must
A
duplicate its DNA
21
Q
DNA controls all
A
cellular function
22
Q
Give a general definition of the cell cycle.
A
The cell’s life cycle that extends from one cell division to the next.
23
Q
What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
A
- Interphase
- Mitotic Phase/M phase
24
Q
* The cell spends most of its time in what phase?
A
Interphase
25
\* What are the subphases of interphase?
* G0 (G zero)
* G1
* S
* G2
26
Explain G zero phase
The are cells that have left the cell cycle for a "rest" (ex. muscle and nerve cells)
27
Explain G1 phase
* first gap phase
* interal between cell division and DNA replication
* Accumulates materials needed to replciate DNA
28
\* Explain S phase
* synthesis phase
* Duplicates centrioles
* DNA replication occurs
29
Explain the G2 phase
* second gap phase
* interval between DNA replication and cell division
* Finishes centriole duplication
* Synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
* Repairs DNA replication errors
30
Explain M phase
* Mitotic phase
* cell divides into two daughter cells
31
True or False
Cell cycle duration is the same between all cell types
FALSE
It varies between cell types
32
True or False
Cell division in all occurs in all body cells
FALSE
eggs and sperm do not go through mitosis
33
\* What are the four phases of Mitosis?
P.M.A.T
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
34
What occurs in Prophase?
* Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
* spindle fibers grow from centrioles
* centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
35
What occurs in Metaphase?
* Chromosomes form around the midline of cell in preparation for division
36
What occurs in Anaphase?
* Centromeres divide in two
* Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell
* Each pole now has identical set of genes
37
What occurs in Telephase?
* Chromosomes gahter at each pole of cell
* Chromatin decondenses
* New nuclear envelope appears at each pole
* New nucleoli appear in each nucleus
* Mitotic spindle vanishes (separation completed)
38
\* Cells divide when...
* They have enough cytoplasm for two daughter cells
* They have replicated their DNA
* They have an adequate supply of nutrients
* They are stimulated by growth factor
* When neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells
39
Cells stop dividing when...
* They snugly contact neighboring cells
* Nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn
* They undergo contact inhibition - the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells
40
Heredity is
the transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring
41
Karyotype refers to
a chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features
42
The two members of eaich chromosome pair are called
homologous chromosomes
43
The SRY gene is responsible for developing
testosterone
44
Diploid cells are
any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes
45
Diploid cells are also known as
Somatic cells
46
Haploid cells contain
half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
47
2 examples of haploid cells are
sperm and egg cells
48
What happens to haploid cells upon fertilization?
restores diploid number to the egg and they become somatic cells.
49
\* Define Locus
the location of a particular gene on a chromosome
50
What is an Alleles?
Different forms of a gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes
51
What are the two types of alleles?
1. Dominant
2. Recessive
52
What are the characteristics of a dominant allele?
* Corresponding trait is usually detectable in the individual
* Masks the effect of any recessive allele that may be present
* Produces protein responsible for visible trait
53
What are the characteristics of a recessive allele?
* Expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes
* No dominant alleles at that locus
54
\* Genotype are...
the genes you have.
55
\* Phenotype is...
the physical expression of a gene (observable trait)
56
Homozygous alleles are
two identical alleles for a trait/gene
57
Heterozygous alleles are...
two different alleles for a trait/gene
58
\* A gene pool is...
the collective genetic makeup of a population as a whole
59
Codominant alleles are...
both phenotypically expressed
60
Incomplete dominance results in...
a brand new (novel) phenotyipical manifestation
61
\* Two sex-linked traits are
1. color blindness
2. hemophelia
62
What are the characteristics of a benign tumor?
* slow growth
* contained in fibrous capsule
* will not metastisize
* usually easy to treat
63
What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor?
* called cancer
* fast growing
* will metastasize
64
What does metastasize mean?
A cancer that gives off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors elsewhere.
65
Oncology is
a medical specialty that deals with both benign and malignant tumors
66
Carcinoma is cancer of
the epithelial tissue
67
Lymphoma is cancer of
lymph nodes
68
Melanoma is cancer of
the pgiment cells of epidermis
69
Leukemia is cancer of
blood forming tissues
70
Sarcoma is cancer of
bone, connective tissue or muscle
71
A carcinogen is...
an environmental cancer-causing agent
72
Give three carcinogens with examples of each.
1. Radiation: ultraviolet rays, x-rays
2. Chemical: cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals
3. Viruses: HPV, hepatitis C, type 2 herpes simplex
73
What percentage of cancers are hereditary?
5-10%
74
Carcinogens trigger...
gene mutations
75
Oncogenes cause cell division to...
accelerate out of control
76
What do tumor-suppressor genes do?
inhibit development of cancer
77
ID: A
Extracellular Fluid
78
ID: B
Peripheral Protein
79
ID: C
Glycolipid
80
ID: D
Glycoprotein
81
ID: E
Carbohydrate chain
82
ID: F
Phospholipid bilayer
83
ID: G
Channel
84
ID: H
Peripheral protein
85
ID: I
Cholesterol
86
ID: J
Transmembrane protein
87
ID: K
Intracellular fluid
88
ID: L
Proteins of cytoskeleton
89
ID Cell Type: A
Receptor
90
ID Cell Type: B
Enzyme
91
ID Cell Type: C
Channel
92
ID Cell Type: D
Gated
93
ID Cell Type: E
Cell-identity marker
94
ID Cell Type: F
95
Explain the difference between
Genotype vs. Phenotype
* Genotype = Genes possessed
* Phenotype = Genes expressed
96
\* Osteocytes are
mature bone cells
97
\* Osteoblasts are
immature bone cells
98
\* A cell spends most of its time ( of the cell cycle ) in
interphase
99
\* Why is mitosis important for the growth and repair of tissue?
Mitosis will create new cells to replace cells lost in damaged tissue as well as fill in the gaps as tissue grows.
