Ch 7: Bone Tissue Flashcards
Exam 2 Review (100 cards)
1
Q
The study of bone is known as
A
Osteology
2
Q
Bone is both a _______ and an _______.
A
tissue, organ
3
Q
The skeletal system is composed of
A
- bones
- cartilages
- ligaments
4
Q
Ligaments connect
A
bone to bone
5
Q
Tendons attach
A
muscle to bone
6
Q
What are the 6 functions (w/ brief description) of the skeleton?
A
- Support - hold up body, support muscles
- Protection - brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
- Movement - limb movements, breathing, action of muscle on bone
- Electrolyte balance - calcium (nerve production, muscle contraction) and phosphate ions (bone modeling and remodeling)
- Acid-base balance - buffers blood against excessive pH changes
- Blood formation - red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells
7
Q
Bone what type of tissue?
A
osseous
8
Q
Individual bones consist of…
A
- bone tissue
- bone marrow
- cartilage
- adipose tissue
- nervous tissue
- fibrous connective tissue
9
Q
What are the four general types of bones?
A
- flat
- long
- short
- irregular
10
Q
Characteristics of flat bones:
A
- protect soft organs
- curved, but wide and thin
- ex. sternum
11
Q
Characteristics of long bones
A
- longer than wide
- rigid lvers acted upon by muscles
- ex. femur or humerus
12
Q
Characteristics of short bones:
A
- equal in length and width
- glide across one another in multiple directions
- ex. tarsal bone
13
Q
Characteristics of irregular bones
A
- elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories
- ex. tarsals, carpals, sacrum
14
Q
Define bone feature:
Compact bone
A
dense outer shell of long bone
15
Q
Define bone feature:
diaphysis
A
shaft cylinder of compact bone
16
Q
Define bone feature:
medullary cavity
A
space in the diaphysis of long bone that contains bone marrow
17
Q
Define bone feature:
epiphyses
A
enlarged ends of long bone which are strengthened for joint, ligament and tendone attachments
18
Q
Characteristics of spongy bone:
A
- spongelike appearance
- spaces are filled with red bone marrow
- few osteons
- provides strength with minimal weight
19
Q
Define bone feature:
articular cartilage
A
- layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface where only bone meets another
- allows joint to move more freely and relatively friction free
20
Q
Define bone feature:
nutrient foramina
A
minute holes in the bones surface that allow blood vessels to penetrate
21
Q
Define bone feature:
periosteum
A
External sheath that covers bone except where there is articular cartilage
22
Q
What are the two layers of periosteum and their general function?
A
- outer fibrous layer - attach to tendons
- innter osteogenic layer - bone forming cells important for growth and healing of fractures (stem cells are in this layer)
23
Q
Define bone feature and general function:
endosteum
A
- thin layer of reticular tissue lining marrow cavity
- has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it
24
Q
Define bone feature and general function:
epiphyseal plate
A
- Area of hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis.
- enables growth in length of bone
25
# Define bone feature:
epiphyseal line
A bony scar in adult bone that marks where the growth (epiphyseal) plate used to be
26
ID: 1
epiphysis
27
ID: 2
diaphysis
28
ID: 1
Articular cartilage
29
ID: 2
red bone marrow
30
ID: 3
epiphseal plate/line
31
ID: 4
marrow cavity
32
ID: 5
yellow bone marrow
33
ID 6:
periosteum
34
ID: 7
nutrient foramen
35
ID 8:
endosteum
36
ID: 9
compact bone
37
ID: 10
spongy bone
38
ID: 11
epiphyseal line/plate
39
ID: 12
articular cartilage
40
# Define bone feature and general function:
Diploe
* The spongy bone between the inner and outer compact bone of the skull.
* Absorbs shock
* Marrow spaces lined with endosteum
41
Bone is a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that consists of \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* connective tissue
* cells
* fibers
* ground substance
42
What are the four principal types of bone cells?
(with general function)
1. osteogenic cells - create osteoblasts
2. osteoblasts - create bone *forming* cells
3. osteocytes - regulate bone remodeling
4. osteoclasts - bone desolving
43
Osteoclasts are responsible for
resporption and reabsorption
44
In bone remodeling, osteoclasts are responsible for
breaking down bone.
45
In bone remodeling, osteoblasts are responsible for
bone rebuilding
46
The matrix of osseous tissue is 1/3 _____ and 2/3 \_\_\_\_\_\_.
organic, inorganic
47
Rickets is
soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts
48
Osteogensis imperfecta:
Also known as brittle bone disease. Excessively brittle bones due to the lack of protein & collagen
49
Red marrow is also known as
myeloid tissue
50
The hemopoietic tissue of red marrow produces
red blood cells
51
Red marrow that turns into fatty marrow is called _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
yellow marrow
52
True or False
Yellow marrow produces red blood cells
False
53
Nutrients get into the bone via the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and reach the central veritcal canals through transverse perforating canals called _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
nutrient formina, Volkmann canals.
54
Where is bone marrow found?
In the central cavities of long bones and in the trabeculae of spongy bone
55
Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
osteoblasts
56
True or False
Bones only grow in length throughout a person's life.
FALSE
The grow in width and length
57
The epiphyseal plate is made of...
hyaline cartilage
58
The epiphyseal line is made of...
bone
59
True or False
The epiphyseal line is where bone growth is occuring.
FALSE
The line forms after the growth is complete and the cartliage has turned to bone.
60
Interstitial growth refers to bone growth in what direction?
length
61
Appositional growth refers to bone growth in what direction?
Width
62
Punching wood to build up tissue through stress is an example of...
Wolff's law of bone
63
Wolff's law of bone states that the architecture of bone is determined by _______ stresses placed upon it and the bones adapt to withstand those stresses.
mechanical
64
Achondroplastic dwarfisim efects the growth of...
long bones
65
What type of dwarfism is results in a dwarf with normal proportions?
Pituitary dwarfism
66
Calcium levels are maintained by the hormones ______ and _____ / \_\_\_\_\_
Calcitonin, Calcitriol / PTH (parathyroid hormone)
67
Osteoblasts _______ bone.
build
68
Osteoclasts _______ bone.
dissolve
69
Osteoblasts takes Ca2+ + PO43- (calcium phosphate) from _______ and puts it \_\_\_\_\_.
blood stream, bone
70
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts work together to maintain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
calcium homeostasis
71
Calcitriol and PTH ________ calcium and phosphate in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
increase, blood
72
Calcitonin ________ calcium and phosphate in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
decreases, blood
73
As calcium increases, phosphate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
increases as well.
74
True or False
If there is an increase of calcium phosphate in blood, it has no effect on bone.
FALSE.
An increase in either calcium phosphate in blood causes a decrease of it in bone and vise verse
75
Osteoblast activity = a _______ in PTH/Calcitriol activity.
decrease
76
Osteoblast activity = a _______ in calcitonin activity.
increase
77
Osteoclast activity = a _______ in calcitonin activity.
decrease
78
Osteoclast activity = a _______ in PTH/calcitriol activity.
increase
79
Osteoclast activity takes calcium phosphate from _____ and puts it into \_\_\_\_\_.
bone, blood
80
Osteoblast activity takes calcium phosphate from _____ and puts it into \_\_\_\_\_.
blood, bone
81
Mineral *resorption* is the process of dissolving bone and
releasing minerals into the blood
82
Phosphate is a component of
* DNA
* RNA
* ATP
* Phospholipids
* pH buffers
83
Calcium is needed in...
* neuron communication
* muscle contraction
* blood clotting
* exocytosis
84
A break in the bone where the bone hasn't moved out of place is called a
nondisplaced fracture
85
A break in a bone that has resulted in in being out of natural alignment is called a
displaced fracture
86
A break in a bone in multiple places is called a
comminuted fracture
87
A break in the bone that has penetrated the skin is called a
compound fracture
88
A partial break in a bone that is not displaced (usually found in children) is called a
greenstick fracture
89
What are the four steps of a bone healing a fracture?
1. Hematoma formation
2. Soft callus formation
3. Hard callus formation
4. Bone remodeling
90
A procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery is called
closed reduction
91
When fixing a fracture involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, scres or pins to realign the fragments, it is called
open reduction
92
What is used to stablize and immobilize a healing bone?
a cast.
93
What method of treatment is used to treat fractures of the femur or hip in children?
Traction
94
What treatment accelerates repair of bone healing by suppressing effects of parathyroid hormone?
electrical stimulation
95
Osteoporosis is a
loss of density due to a loss of organic matrix and minerals
96
Estrogen _______ osteoclasts
inhibits
97
Post menapause, osteoclast activity \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
increases
98
Hydroxyapatite is also known as...
calcium phosphate
99
What does Hydroxyapatite do to bone?
makes it hard
100
Calcium phosphate accounts for ____ of the weight of bone.
2/3
