Ch 5 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
* What type of cut is: A
A
Longitudinal section
2
Q
* What type of cut is: B
A
Cross section
3
Q
* What type of cut is: C
A
Oblique section
4
Q
Classes of epithelium
ID: A
A
Simple
5
Q
Classes of epithelium
ID: B
A
Pseudostratified columnar
6
Q
Classes of epithelium
ID: C
A
Stratified
7
Q
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: A
A
Microvilli (brush border)
8
Q
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: B
A
Connective tissue
9
Q
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: C
A
Basement membrane
10
Q
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: D
A
Nuclei
11
Q
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: E
A
Goblet cell
12
Q
Basic Components of Epithelium
ID: F
A
Columnar cells
13
Q
What type of tissue is this?
A
Aerolar
14
Q
What type of tissue is this?
A
Reticular
15
Q
ID: A
A
Ground Substance
16
Q
ID: B
A
Elastic fibers
17
Q
ID: C
A
Collagenous fibers
18
Q
ID: D
A
Fibroblasts
19
Q
ID: A
A
Leukocytes
20
Q
ID: B
A
Reticular fibers
21
Q
What type of tissue is this?
A
Dense Irregular Connective
22
Q
What type of tissue is this?
A
Dence Regular Connective
23
Q
What type of tissue is this?
A
Bone
24
Q
ID: A
A
Lacunae
25
ID: B
Canaliculi
26
ID: C
Concentric lamellae of osteon
27
ID: D
Central canal
28
ID: E
Osteon
29
What type of cell is this?
Neuron
30
ID: A
Nuclei of glial cells
31
ID: B
Axon
32
ID: C
Neurosoma
33
ID: D
Dendrites
34
What tissue is this?
Cardiac Muscle
35
What tissue is this?
Skeletal Muscle
36
What tissue is this?
Smooth Muscle
37
ID: A
Intercalated discs
38
ID: B
Striations
39
ID: C
Glycogen
40
ID: A
Nuclei
41
ID: B
Striations
42
ID: C
Muscle fiber
43
ID: A
Nuclei
44
ID: B
Muscle cells
45
What are the four categories of tissues?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscular
46
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
1. Simple
2. Stratified
47
What 4 types of cells can make up a simple epithelial layer?
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
4. Pseudostratified
48
What 4 types of cells can be found in a stratified epithelial layer?
1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
4. transitional
49
What is a simple epithelial layer made of?
A single layer of cells
50
What is a stratified epithelial layer made of?
Multiple layers of cells
51
Histology is the study of
tissues and how they are arranged into organs
52
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
1. Loose
2. Dense
3. Blood
4. Cartilige
5. Bone
6. Fat
53
What are the two types of loose connective tissue?
1. Aereolar
2. Reticular
54
Embryonic Tissues
\* Name the three primary germ layers, ID which layer each is and its characteristics.
1. Ectoderm: Outer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
2. Mesoderm: Middle, becomes gelatinous tissue called \****mesenchyme*** - wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix - Gives rise to muscle, bone & blood
3. Endoderm: Inner, gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive. and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, etc
55
# Define:
Smear
A tissue that is rubbed or spread accross the slide
(ex. spinal cord or blood)
56
# Define:
Spread
Cobwebby tissue that is laid out on a slide
(ex. areolar tissue)
57
True or False
Epithelial tissue is avascular.
TRUE
58
True or False
Avascular means the tissue has blood vessels.
FALSE
Avascular tissue has ***NO*** blood vessels and relies on the layers below for O2 and nutrients.
59
What are 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
1. flat sheet of closely adhering cells
2. one or more cells thick
3. upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body
4. covers body surface and lines body cavities
5. forms the external and internal linings of many organs
60
What are the basic 3 layers of epithelial tissue and what is the basic function of each?
1. epethelia: protection, topical medicines
2. basement membrane: carry up O2 and nutrients up to the epethelia from the connective tissue
3. connective tissue: supplies the nutrients and O2, layer that receives medicinal injections
61
Where do we find dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons
62
What do tendons connect?
Muscle to Bone
| (MtB)
63
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to Bone
| (BtB)
64
Transcription occurs in the ______ and is responsible for ______ duplication.
nucleus, gene (mRNA)
65
Translation occurs in
the ER
66
A part of the translation process, ribosomes produce
proteins
67
What are the characteristics of transitional tissue and name an organ that uses it.
* stratisfied and stretchy
* bladder
68
Goblet cells are
simple psuedostratified columnar cells
69
What do goblet cells produce?
mucus
70
\* _______ epithelium, found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is covered with a layter of dead compressed cells.
keratinized, epidermis
71
\* What is the purpose of keratinized cells?
Provide waterproofing and protection from abrasion.
72
Name 3 membranes that are nonkeratinized.
1. Tongue
2. Esophagus
3. Vagina
73
\* What kind of cells line the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified Ciliated
74
\* What is the difference between cilia and microvilli?
* Cilia serve to move particles/mucus
* Microvilli serve to increase surface area
75
What type of tissue is this?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
76
What type of tissue is this?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
77
ID: A
Microcilli (brush border)
78
ID: B
Connective tissue
79
ID: C
Basement membrane
80
ID: D
Nuclei
81
ID: E
Goblet cell
82
ID: F
Columnar cells
83
ID: A
Lumen
84
ID: B
Cuboidal epithelial cells
85
ID: C
Basement membrane
86
What type of tissue is this?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
87
What type of tissue is this?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
88
ID: A
Squamous Epithelial Cells
89
ID: B
Basement Membrane
90
ID: C
Nuclei of smooth muscle
91
* Blasts =
* Cytes =
* Immature
* Mature
92
A cell with it's nucleus pushed off to one side describes a
fat cell
93
\* The basal surface faces the
basement membrane
94
\* The apical surface faces
away from the basement membrane
95
Is cartilige vascular or avascular?
Avascular
96
\* Name four places where we will find simple squamous epithelium
1. Alveoli (lungs)
2. Glomeruli (kidneys)
3. Endothelium (heart and blood vessels)
4. Serosa (air membranes)
97
\* What type of cell allows for rapid diffusion and transport of substances?
squamous
98
What is a simple cuboidal epithelium?
A single layer of square or round cells
99
What is simple cuboidal epithelium used for
Absorbtion, secretion, mucus production and movement
100
What is the difference between exfoliation and desquamation?
Nothing. They both mean removing dead cells.
101
nonkeratinized tissue lacks
surface layer of dead cells
102
\* _______ epithelium changes from round to flat when stretched.
Transitional
103
Name the eight basic functions of connective tissue.
1. Binding of organs
2. Support
3. Physical protection
4. Immune protection
5. Movement
6. Storage
7. Heat production
8. Transport
104
\* White blood cells are also known as...
Leukocytes
105
\* What are the two types of leukocytes?
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes
106
\* What are the three types of Granulocytes?
1. Neutrophil
2. Esinophil
3. Basophil
107
\* What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes
108
\* A macrophage is a type of
monocyte
109
\* What are the two types of lymphocytes?
1. B cells
2. T cells
110
\* B cells assist
* plasma to produce antibodies and immunoglobins
* memory
111
\* What are the four types of fibrous connective tissues and where are they found?
1. Areolar, under all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
2. Reticular, lymph nodes, spleen thymus and bone marrow
3. Dense regular, tendons and ligaments
4. Dense irregular, deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs
112
\* Adipose tissue is
fat tissue
113
\* Fat cells are called
adipocytes
114
\* Fat is the body's primary
energy reservoir
115
The space between adipocytes is occupied by...
* areolar tissue
* reticular tissue
* blood capillaries
116
\* Give three characteristics of adipose tissue
1. thermal insulation
2. anchors and cushions organs
3. contributes to body contour
117
Most adult fat is called
white fat
118
Brown fat is a heat-generating tissue found in
* fetuses
* infants
* children
119
Describe the nucleus in an adipose tissue cell
The nucleus are pressed off to the side
120
In cartilage, chondroblasts create cavities called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lacunae
121
Chondrocytes are
Cartilage cells in lacunae
122
Perichondrium is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds...
elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular)
123
Cartilage heals slowly because it is
avascular
124
What are the three types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline
2. Fibro
3. Elastic
125
Where are some places where hyaline cartilage is found?
* trachea
* larynx
* fetal skeleton
126
What are some functions of hyaline cartilage?
* ease joint movement
* hold airway open
* moves vocal chords
127
Where would we find elastic cartilage?
* outer ear
* epiglottis
128
True or False
Fibrocartilage never has a perchondrium.
TRUE
129
What is the function of fibrocartilage and where can it be found?
* To resist compression and absorb shock.
* It can be found in the intervertabral discs and pubic symphysis
130
Bone is an ______ of the body as well as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
organ, tissue
131
What are the two forms of osseous (bone) tissue?
1. Spongy (porous interior inner)
2. Compact bone (denser outer layer)
132
The Osteon is the
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
133
Osteocytes are
mature bone cells that occupy the lacunae
134
Canaliculi are
Delicate canals that radiate from each lacuna to allow osteocytes to contact each other
135
The Periosteum is
the tough fibrous connective tissue covering the bone as a whole
136
Blood is made of
* Plasma and formed elements
137
Plasma is
the bloods liquid ground substance
138
What are the three formed elements of blood?
State the function of each.
1. Erythrocytes - red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. Leukocytes - white blood cells that defend against infection and other diseases
3. Platelets - celll fragments invloved in clotting
139
What are the two excitable tissues of the body?
Nervous and muscular
140
Nerve changes result in
rapid transmission of signals to other cells
141
Muscle changes result in
contraction, shortening of the cell
142
Nervous tissue is specialized for communication by
electrical and chemical signals
143
Nervous tissue consts of what type of cells?
neurons
144
Neuroglia are also known as
glial cells
145
Neuroglia ______ and _______ neurons and act as _______ of the nervous system.
protect, assist, housekeepers
146
What are the 3 parts of the neuron?
1. Nerosoma (cell body)
2. Dendrites (branches)
3. Axon (nerve fiber)
147
Function of Neurosoma
* House nucleus and other organelles
* cell's center of genetic control and protein synthesis
148
Function of Dendrites
* receive signals from other cells
* transmit messages to neurosoma
149
Function of Axon
* Send outgoing signals to other cells
150
What are the three types of muscle?
1. smooth
2. cardiac
3. skeletal
151
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
152
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
* one centrally located nucleus
* intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end
* striated
* Involuntary (no conscious control)
153
Characteristics of smooth muscle
* lack striations
* Involuntary (no conscious control)
* One centrally located nucleus
* Visceral muscle found in digestive, respiratory and urinary tract
* Propels contents through an organ
* regulates diameter of blood vessels
154
Cell junctions are
connections between one cell and another
155
A tight junction is
a region in which adjacent cells are bound by fusion of their membranes
(tight velcro type, no space between)
156
Desmosomes are junctions that
holds cells together like a clothing snap
slight space between cells
157
Function of hemidsmosomes
to anchor the basal cells of epithelium to the underlying basement membrane
158
Gap junctions characteristics
* 6 points of contact through transmembrane proteins (like pores)
* very good at sending messages
159
A gland is a
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body.
160
Secretion is a
product useful to the body
161
Excretion is a
waste product
162
Hormones are
chemical messengers
163
Hormones are released directly...
into the blood stream.
164
Exocrine gland characteristics
* mainteain contact with body surface via duct
* sweat, mammary, tear
165
Endocrine gland characteristics
* have no ducts or surface contact
* used for secretion of hormones
166
What are the four types of secretions?
1. serous: milk, tears digestive juices
2. mucous: mucus, goblet cells
3. mixed: contain both cerous and mucus secretions
4. cytogenic: sperm/egg from testes/ovaries
167
Membranes line
* body cavities and cover their viscera
168
cutaneous membrane is
the skin
169
Mucous membrane lines
passages that open to the external environment
170
Serous membrane (serosa) cover
internal organs and cavities
171
Synovial membrane lines
joint cavities
