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BIO225 > Ch. 39 Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch. 39 Plant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

essential nutrient

A

any chemical element, ion, or compound that is required for normal growth, reproduction, and maintenance of a living organism
- cannot be synthesized by the organism

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2
Q

examples of essential nutrients

A

1) carbon
2) hydrogen
3) oxygen

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3
Q

ways to obtain essential nutrients

A

1) from water
2) from the air
3) from the soil

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4
Q

macronutrient

A

any element that is required in large quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and maintenance of a living organism
- major components of nucleic acids, proteins & phospholipids

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5
Q

examples of macronutrients

A

1) nitrogen
2) phosphorus
3) potassium

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6
Q

limiting nutrient

A

any essential nutrient whose scarcity in the environment reduces growth & reproduction of organisms

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7
Q

examples of limiting nutrients

A

nitrogen

phosphorus

potassium

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8
Q

micronutrient

A

any element that is required in very small quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and maintenance of a living organism
- function as cofactors of specific enzymes

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9
Q

examples of micronutrients

A

iron

boron

copper

nickel

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10
Q

nitrogen deficient plant

A

yellowing of leaves

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11
Q

phosphorous deficient plant

A

stunted growth

dead spots

brown

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12
Q

mobile elements

A

nitrogen / potassium / phosphorous

when limited, they are transferred from older leaves to newer leaves

scarcity reflected in determination of older leaves

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13
Q

immobile elements

A

calcium / iron / copper

remain tied to older leaves

scarcity is reflected in newer leaves

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14
Q

hydroponic growth

A

growth of plants in liquid cultures instead of soil

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15
Q

weathering

A

gradual wearing down of large rocks by rain, running water, temperature changes, and wind
- one of the processes that transform rocks into soil

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16
Q

flakes & pebbles (weathering)

A

break off from the solid rock

- the first ingredients in soil

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17
Q

humus

A

decayed organic matter in soils

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18
Q

texture

A

quality of soil, resulting from relative abundance of different-sized particles

proportions of gravel, sand, silt, and clay

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19
Q

soil texture affects:

A

1) penetration of soil
2) soil’s ability to hold water
3) availability of oxygen

20
Q

mature soil

A

a complex mixture of organic and inorganic components

21
Q

loam

A

soil that contain equal amounts of soil, silt & clay w/ a high proportion of humus

  • best soil
  • contain organic matter
  • good texture
22
Q

sustainable agriculture

A

agricultural techniques that are designed to maintain long-term soil quality and productivity

23
Q

leaching

A

loss of nutrients from soil via percolating water (washing)

24
Q

anion

A

ions with negative charges

  • usually dissolve in soil water
  • interact with water molecules via hydrogen bonding
25
Q

cation

A

ions with positive charges

  • dissolve in soil water
  • not as immediately available as anions
26
Q

examples of sustainable agriculture

A

1) planting rows of trees as windbreaks
2) minimizing the amount of plowing & tilling needed to control weeds
3) planting crops in strips that follow the contour of hillsides

27
Q

ion

A

charged particle

28
Q

role of soil pH

A

low pH = acidic (high concentrations of hydrogen ions)

high pH = basic / alkaline (few hydrogen ions)

29
Q

cation exchange

A

displacement of protons or cations by protons in soil water

- released cations available for plant uptake

30
Q

zone of maturation

A

(in plant roots) a group of plant cells located several millimeters behind the root cap

  • they are differentiating into mature tissues
  • nutrient uptake occurs here
31
Q

root hair

A

extensions of the epidermal cells in the zone of maturation

32
Q

membrane potential

A

a difference in electric charge across a cell membrane
- a form of potential energy

aka membrane voltage

33
Q

symbiotic

A

“living together”

any close and prolong physical relationship between individuals of 2 different species

34
Q

mutualistic

A

organism that is a participant and partner in a mutualistic relationship
- mutually beneficial

35
Q

metallothionein

A

small plant protein that bind to & prevent excess metal ions from acting as toxins

  • active exclusion
  • requires energy
36
Q

tonoplast

A

membrane surrounding the large, central vacuole

37
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)

A

fungi that have hyphae that wrap around the epidermal cells of roots

38
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

A

fungi that have hyphae that can penetrate the walls of plant root cells

39
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH2), which can be used to make many organic compounds
- occurs in only a few lineages of bacteria & archaea

40
Q

nodule

A

globular structure on roots of legume plants that contain symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria

look like little moles on the roots

41
Q

leghemoglobin

A

iron-containing molecule similar to hemoglobin

  • found in infected cells of legume root nodules
  • oxygen binding
  • creates pink coloration
42
Q

nod factor

A

molecule produced by nitrogen-fixing bacteria that help them recognize & bind to roots of legumes

43
Q

epiphytic plant

A

“upon plants”

a nonparasitic plant that grows on the trunks or branches of other plants
- not rooted in soil

44
Q

where do epiphytes get their nutrients?

A

from rainwater, dust & particles that collect in their tissues and crevices of bark

45
Q

parasite

A

an organism that lives on a host species (ectoparasite) or in a host species (endoparasite)
- damages the host

46
Q

carnivorous plant

A

plants that use modified leaves to trap insects & other animals

  • make their own carbohydrates via photosynthesis
  • use carnivory to supplement the nitrogen available in the environment

BIO225 (26 decks)

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