Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO225 > Ch. 45 Gas Exchange & Circulation > Flashcards

Ch. 45 Gas Exchange & Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air or water through specialized gas-exchange organ (lungs or gills)

bring inside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

steps of gas exchange

A

1) ventilation
2) gas exchange
3) circulation
4) cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gas exchange

A

takes place as CO2 & O2 diffuse between air or water and the blood at the ventilatory surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

circulation

A

dissolved O2 and CO2 are transported throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cellular respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and cells occurs in tissues

  • leads to low O2 levels & high CO2 levels
  • O2 & CO2 diffuse between blood and cells
  • ultimately produce ATP

involves transfer of electrons from compounds w/ high potential energy through an ETC & ultimately to an electron acceptor (often oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

respiratory system

A

the collection of cells, tissues & organs responsible for gas exchange between an animal & its environment

  • responsible for ventilation & gas exchange
  • breathing

(ie) lungs, mouth & nose in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

circulatory system

A

the system responsible for moving oxygen, carbon dioxide & other materials (hormones, nutrients, water) around the body
- need specialized liquid transport tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

oxygen level in environment

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

oxygen level in tissues

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

carbon dioxide level in environment

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carbon dioxide level in tissues

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

oxygen movement

A

diffusion from environment to tissues along respective partial-pressure gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

carbon dioxide movement

A

diffusion from tissues to environment along respective partial-pressure gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure of a particular gas in a mixture of gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

water contains _______ (more/less) oxygen than air does

A

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

water is _______ (more/less) dense than air

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

water breathers have to expend ________ (more/less) energy to ventilate their respiratory surfaces than do air breathers

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

factors that determine amount of gas dissolved

A

1) solubility of gas in water
2) temperature of water (cold = more oxygen)
3) presence of other solutes
4) partial pressure of the gas in contact w/ the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Habitats w/ large numbers of photosynthetic organisms tend to be relatively oxygen ________ (rich/poor)

A

rich

(ie) algae filled lake has lots of plants & less animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Habitats where organisms live off existing organic material tend to be relatively oxygen ________ (rich/poor)

A

poor

(ie) city has more animals/humans than plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

types of gas exchange

A

1) direct diffusion across body surface
2) specialized organ for gas exchange on land
3) specialized organ for gas exchange in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Animals exchange gases by direct diffusion across the body surface mostly live in _________ (wet/dry) environments.

A

wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

a mathematical relationship that describes the rate of diffusion of gases

24
Q

conditions for largest amounts of all gas diffusion (Fick’s law)

A

1) the surface area for gas exchange is large
2) the respiratory surface is extremely thin for faster transportation
3) the partial pressure gradient of the gas across the surface is large

25
Q

gill

A

outgrowth of the body surface or throat used for gas exchange in aquatic animals

  • benefit: large surface area for oxygen diffusion across an extremely thin epithelium
  • types: internal or external

(ie) fish

26
Q

internal gill characteristics

A
  • water must be driven over them in ventilation process
27
Q

how do fish ventilate their gills?

A

by opening & closing their mouth and the operculum

*fast swimmers force water through gills by swimming with mouth open (ram ventilation)

28
Q

operculum

A

a stiff gill flap of tissue that covers the gill of teloest fishes

29
Q

ram ventilation

A

type of ventilation of water through gills by swimming with mouth open

30
Q

Movement of water over gills is _________ (unidirectional/bidirectional).

A

unidirectional

31
Q

why is water movement not bidirectional?

A

if water movement were bidirectional, the organism would lose oxygen

32
Q

gill lamellae

A

a sheetlike structure made up of a bed of small blood vessels (capillaries)

33
Q

capillary

A

small, thin-walled blood vessels that permeate all tissues & organs
- allow exchange of gases & other molecules between blood and body cells

34
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

any anatomical arrangement that allows the maximum transfer of heat or a soluble substance from one fluid to another
- the 2 fluids must be flowing in opposite directions & have a heat concentration gradient between them

35
Q

requirements for countercurrent exchange

A

1) fluids must be flowing in opposite directions

2) presence of a heat concentration gradient between fluids

36
Q

why can’t blood flow be a concurrent flow with water flow?

A

over time diffusion will stop

37
Q

tracheae

A

(in insects) a series of tube extending throughout the insect body
- connects to exterior through spiracles

38
Q

spiracle

A

(in insects) a small opening that connects the air-filled tracheae to the external environment
- allows gas exchange to occur

39
Q

how does ventilation occur in insects?

A

gas exchange takes place directly across the cells’ plasma membrane

  • spiracles open or close to allow air to flow into tracheae, which extends throughout the body
  • as a result, volume of tracheal system changes

(pressure inversely related to volume)

*does not require a circulatory system for gas to reach tissues

40
Q

how do vertebrates breathe?

A

through the lungs, respiratory system & circulatory system

41
Q

trachea

A

(in animals) the airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi

windpipe

42
Q

bronchi

A

(bronchus)

one of a pair of large tubes that lead from the trachea to each lung

43
Q

bronchioles

A

any of the small tubes in mammalian lunges that carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli

44
Q

lung is made up of:

A

1) trachea
2) bronchi
3) bronchioles
4) alveoli

45
Q

lung

A

any respiratory organ used for gas exchange between blood & air

  • infoldings of the throat
  • enclose the bronchioles & part of the bronchi
  • FCN: gas exchange
46
Q

alveoli

A

any of the tiny air-filled sacs of a mammalian lung

  • provide an interface between air & blood that consists of a thin aqueous film, a layer of epithelial cells, some extracellular matrix (ECM) & a wall of a capillary
  • FCN: increase surface area for gas exchange
  • end of branch
  • high pressure
47
Q

alveoli components

A

an interface between air & blood that consists of:

1) a thin aqueous film
2) a layer of epithelial cells
3) some extracellular matrix (ECM)
4) a wall of a capillary

48
Q

why do smokers have a harder time breathing?

A

tar lines their alveoli (extra lining), which prevents oxygen exchange

49
Q

mode of lung ventilation among different species

A

1) simple lungs (snails & spiders) = air movement by diffusion
2) active ventilation by pumping air via muscular contractions (vertebrates)

50
Q

positive pressure ventilation

A

ventilation of the lungs by using positive pressure in the mouth to “PUSH” air into the lungs

(ie) frogs do not have a secondary palette so they have to consciously swallow air

51
Q

negative pressure ventilation

A

ventilation of the lungs by expanding the rib cage so as to “PULL” air into the lungs

  • via diaphragm
  • unconscious process

(ie) humans have a secondary palette so breathing is unconscious process

52
Q

diaphragm

A

an elastic, sheetlike structure that contracts & moves downward during INHALATION, expanding the chest
- (mammals) separates chest & abdominal cavities

53
Q

inhalation

A

(mammals) possible through diaphragm downward motion

54
Q

exhalation

A

a passive process driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs & chest wall as the diaphragm & rib muscles relax

55
Q

dead space

A

portions of the air passages (trachea & bronchi) that do not have a respiratory surface
- one-third of lung folume

BIO225 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions