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BIO225 > Ch. 44 Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch. 44 Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients from other organisms rather than making their own food

(ie) animals

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2
Q

processes necessary for an animal to obtain energy from its food

A

1) ingestion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) elimination

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3
Q

ingestion

A

taking in food

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4
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into smaller pieces

(ie) carbs become monosaccharides

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5
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients

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6
Q

elimination

A

disposal of wastes

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7
Q

nutrient

A

substances an organism needs to remain alive

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8
Q

food

A

any material that contains nutrients

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9
Q

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

A

specify the amount of each essential nutrient that an individual must ingest to meed the needs of most healthy people

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10
Q

essential nutrients

A

nutrients that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained in the diet
- required for normal growth, reproduction, and maintenance

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11
Q

essential amino acid

A

any amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans

  • must be obtained from food
  • 8 essential amino acids
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12
Q

types of essential amino acids

A

1) isoleucine
2) leucine
3) lysine
4) methionine
5) phenylalanine
6) threonine
7) tryptopha
8) valine

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13
Q

vitamin

A

organic compounds that are vital for health

  • required only in minute amounts
  • several function as coenzymes in critical reactions
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14
Q

electrolyte

A

inorganic ions that influence osmotic balance

- required for normal membrane function

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15
Q

inorganic substance

A

substance that fulfills a variety of functions not preformed by electrolytes
- important components of cofactors or structural materials

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16
Q

suspension feeder

A

organisms that filter small organisms or bits of organic debris from water, by means of cilia, mucous-lined “nets” or other structures

(ie) anenome

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17
Q

food-getting techniques

A

1) suspension feeders
2) deposit feeders
3) fluid feeders
4) mass feeders

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18
Q

deposit feeder

A

organism that swallows organic-rich sediments and other types of deposited material

(ie) whales

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19
Q

fluid feeder

A

organism that sucks or laps up fluids

(ie) lampreys

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20
Q

mass feeder

A

organism that seizes and manipulates chunks of foods by using jaws, teeth, beaks, or special toxin-injecting organs
- majority of animals

(ie) lions

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21
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid evolutionary diversification within one lineage, producing many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms
- each of which lives in a different habitat or employs a distinct feeding method

(ie) cichlid fishes

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22
Q

endemic species

A

a species that lives in one geographic area and nowhere else

(ie) cichlids

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23
Q

pharyngeal jaw

A

jaws located behind normal oral jaws
- have toothlike protuberances whose shape corresponds to the type of food they eat

(ie) snakes’ jaws are located near back of throat

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24
Q

reason why snakes do not choke on their food

A

the trachea is separate from the esophagus

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25
Q

digestive tract

A

(alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract)

the long tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus

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26
Q

types of digestive tracts

A

1) incomplete digestive tracts

2) complete digestive tracts

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27
Q

incomplete digestive tract

A

a digestive tract that has just 1 opening
- ingestion & elimination through 1 hole
- mouth openings into gastrovascular cavity where digestion takes place
0 not very efficient
_ expensive: must filter water
- no actual feces

(ie) anenome

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28
Q

complete digestive tract

A

a digestive tract with 2 openings (mouth & anus)

- interior of this tube communicates directly w/ the external environment via openings

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29
Q

advantages of complete digestive tracts

A

1) animals can feed on large pieces of food
2) chemical & physical processes can be separated w/in the canal, so they occur independently of each other and in a prescribed sequence
3) material can be ingested and digested continuously

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30
Q

how to digest faster

A

1) ↑ chew
2) ↑ saliva
3) ↑ amylase

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31
Q

types of macromolecules

A

1) carbs
2) lipids
3) proteins

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32
Q

carbohydrate digestion

A

1) mouth: salivary amylase breaks down carbs
2) esophagus: pass
3) stomach: pass
4) lumen of small intestine: pancreatic α-amylase monosaccharides (simple sugars) & disaccharides trisaccharides
5) cell membrane of epithelial cell:
6) epithelium of small intestine: facilitated diffusion
7) bloodstream: enters

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33
Q

lipid digestion

A

1) mouth: lingual lipase breaks down lipids
2) esophagus: pass
3) stomach: pass
4) lumen of small intestine: bile salts & pancreatic lipase - monoglycerides fatty acids (facilitated diffusion)
5) cell membrane of epithelial cell:
6) epithelium of small intestine: monoglycerides fatty acids -> triglycerides -> chlymicrons (protein-coated globules) -> exocytosis
7) bloodstream: enter by way of lymph vessels

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34
Q

protein digestion

A

1) mouth: enter
2) esophagus: pass
3) stomach: pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides
4) lumen of small intestine: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase & carboxypeptidase - short peptides & amino acids
5) cell membrane of epithelial cell:
6) epithelium of small intestine: facilitated diffusion & cotransport
7) bloodstream: enters

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35
Q

salivary amylase

A

any enzyme that can break down starch by catalyzing hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between the glycose residues
- most important catalyst in the breakdown of carbohydrates

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36
Q

where does break down of carbohydrates start?

A

in the mouth via amylase

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37
Q

where does break down of lipids start?

A

in the mouth via lingual lipase

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38
Q

where does break down of proteins start?

A

in the stomach via pepsin

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39
Q

lingual lipase

A

an enzyme produced by glands in the tongue

  • breaks down fat molecules in fatty acids & monoglycerrides
  • breakdown of lipids
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40
Q

salivary gland

A

a type of gland that secretes saliva (water + glycoproteins + mucus) into the mouth

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41
Q

saliva

A

a mixture of water, mucus-forming glycoproteins, and digestive enzymes

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42
Q

mucus

A

a slimy mixture of glycoproteins (mucins) and water

  • secreted in many animal organs for lubrication
  • serves as a barrier to protect surfaces from infection
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43
Q

mucin

A

glycoprotein

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44
Q

esophagus

A

a muscular tube connecting the mouth and stomach

- food travels down esophagus via peristalsis

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45
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of muscular contraction

  • pushes food along
  • involuntary movement (reflex)
  • stimulated by swallowing
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46
Q

reflex

A

automatic reaction to simulus

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47
Q

crop

A

(a modified esophagus)
a storage organ in the digestive system of certain vertebrates, such as birds
- allows individuals to eat a large amount in a short time then retreat to a safe location while digestion occurs
- may also be used for processing

48
Q

stomach

A

a tough, muscular pouch bracketed on both ends by valves (sphincters)

  • very acidic (will corrode anything)
  • muscular contractions in stomach = churning, which mixes and breaks down food mechanically
49
Q

the predominant acid in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

50
Q

why do we get diarrhea?

A

there is not enough water absorption

  • water passes through digestive system
  • results in dehydration
51
Q

sphincter

A

a muscular valve that can close off a tube, as in blood vessel or a part of the digestive tract
- seals off stomach from esophagus & stomach from intestine

52
Q

gastric juice

A

a mix of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin (enzyme) that begins the digestion of proteins

53
Q

pepsin

A

a protein-digesting enzyme present in the stomach

54
Q

chief cell

A

specialized stomach cells that contain a pepsin precursor (pepsinogen) which converts to active pepsin depending on stomach environment

55
Q

pepsinogen

A

pepsin precursor that is converted to active pepsin by contact with the acidic environment of the stomach
- inactive enzyme

56
Q

parietal cell

A

a cell in the stomach lining that secretes hydrochloric acid

-source of HCl in gastric juice

57
Q

mucous cell

A

a type of cell found in the epithelial

58
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from carbon dioxide and water
- high concentration in parietal cells

59
Q

ulcer

A

a hole in an epithelium that damages the underlying basement membrane and tissues

  • mucus layer is not present
  • ulcers in stomach/small intestine may result in intense abdominal pain
  • caused by bacterium “Helicohacter pylori”
  • untreated ulcer may lead to perforation (leaks)
60
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

bacterium that eats away mucus layer

- causes ulcers

61
Q

ruminant

A

member of a group of hoofed mammals that have a complex, four-chambered stomach specialized for digesting cellulose rather than protein

(ie) cattle, sheep & deer

62
Q

cud

A

a mixture of partially digested food and cellulose-digesting bacteria

63
Q

rumen

A

largest chamber in ruminant stomach

  • food here may be regurgitated for further chewing (cud)
  • serves as fermentation vat
  • packed w/ symbiotic bacteria & protists (which can break down cellulose)
64
Q

ruminant stomachs

A

1) rumen
2) reticulum
3) omasum
4) abomasum

65
Q

ruminant stomach characteristics

A
  • able to harvest energy from cellulose
  • can regurgitate cud from the largest chamber (rumen) for further chewing
  • folded in complex ways
  • big acid bag
66
Q

reticulum

A

2nd chamber in ruminant stomach that is adjacent to rumen

- packed w/ symbiotic bacteria & protists (which can break down cellulose)

67
Q

omasum

A

third chamber in ruminant stomach

- responsible for removing water

68
Q

abomasum

A

final chamber in ruminant stomach

  • contains ruminant’s own digestive enzymes
  • corresponds to a true stomach
69
Q

modified stomachs

A

1) ruminant
2) avian gizzard

meant to ingest food quickly & digest later

70
Q

avian gizzard

A

modified stomach

  • very strong muscle
  • grinds food
  • necessary since birds do not have teeth
71
Q

small intestine

A

the portion of the digestive tract between the stomach & large intestine

  • site for final stages of digestion
  • site for most of nutrient absorption
  • 6 meter long tube
  • large surface area for absorption
72
Q

when is digestion complete?

A

when food reaches the end of the small intestin

73
Q

function of small intestion

A

1) final digestion

2) absorption

74
Q

lacteal

A

a small lymphatic vessel extending into the center of a villus in teh small intestine
- receives chylamcirons containing fat absorbed from food

75
Q

protease

A

an enzyme that can break up proteins by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acid residents

  • digest polypeptides into monomers
  • many types of proteases, each specific for a different kind of polypeptide
  • synthesized in inactive form by pancreas
76
Q

protein processing by pancreatic enzymes

A

1) synthesized in inactive form by pancreas
2) transferred through pancreatic duct to the small intestine
3) activated in small intestine

77
Q

pancreas

A

a large gland in vertebrates that has both exocrine & endocrine functions

  • secretes digestive enzymes into a duct connected to the intestine
  • secretes several hormones (notably, insulin & glucagen) into the bloodstream
78
Q

pancreatic duct

A

a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas

79
Q

trypsinogen

A

a pancreatic enzyme

  • activated by enterokinase into trypsin
  • inactive enzyme
80
Q

trypsin

A

a protein-digesting enzyme present in the small intestine that activates several other protein-digesting enzymes

  • active enzyme
  • activates other enzymes synthesized by pancreas
81
Q

hormone

A

any of many different signaling molecules that circulate throughout the plant or animal body
- can trigger characteristic responses in distant target cells at very low concentrations

82
Q

secretin

A

1st hormone produced in the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach
- FCN: induce a flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas to the small intestine

83
Q

digestion is under both _______ and _______ control

A

neural; hormonal

84
Q

bicarbonate function in digestion

A

neutralizes acid arriving from stomach

85
Q

secretin function

A

1) food present, DIGEST

2) neutralize acid to base

86
Q

digestion occurs in a _____ environment

A

basic

87
Q

cholecystokinin

A

2nd hormone produced in the small intestine

  • stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas
  • stimulates secretion of molecules from liver that are involved in lipid digestion
88
Q

gastrin

A

a hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining in response to the arrival of food or to a neural signal from the brain
- stimulates other stomach cells to release hydrochloric acid

89
Q

nuclease

A

any enzyme that digests RNA or DNA molecules

- produced in pancreas

90
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

an enzyme that digests glucose chains by catalyzing hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between the glucose residues
- produced by the pancreas

91
Q

nutrient absorption characteristics

A

1) highly selective - plasma membrane of microvilli are responsible for bringing specific nutrients into the cell
2) active - requires ATP to bring nutrients into epithelium against a concentration gradient

92
Q

which molecules can enter the bloodstream?

A

proteins & carbohydrates

93
Q

why can’t lipids enter the bloodstream?

A

because lipids are hydrophobic

94
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

an enzyme that breaks certain bonds in complex fats

  • results in release of fatty acids & small lipids
  • produced in pancreas
95
Q

hydrophobic fats

A

tend to enter the small intestine in large globules

- must be broken up (emulsified) before digestion can begin

96
Q

emulsification

A

the dispersion of fat into an aqueous solution
- usually requires the aid of amphipathic substance (detergent or bile salts), which can break large fat globules into microscopic fat droplets

97
Q

bile salt

A

small lipid that breaks

  • steroid derivative of bile
  • synthesized in the liver
  • secreted in complex solution (bile)
  • responsible for emulsification of fats during digestion
98
Q

bile

A

a complex solution

  • produced by liver
  • stored in the gallbladder
  • secreted into intestine
  • contains bile salts
99
Q

fatty-acid binding protein

A

a group of molecules that coordinate lipid responses in cells

  • strongly linked to metabolic & inflammatory pathways
  • attaches to monoglycerides & fatty acids to enter the epithelial cells
100
Q

chylomicron

A

protein-coated globules that can diffuse into lacteals

101
Q

how is water absorbed in small intestine?

A

when solutes from digested material are brought into the epithelium of the small intestine via active transport, water follows passively by osmosis

102
Q

cecum

A

an outpocketing of the digestive tract located at the start of the large intestine

  • break down cellulose
  • equivalent to reticulum in ruminants
  • larger size in leaf-eating primates (rabbits)
  • smaller in humans
103
Q

why is a leaf-eating primate’s cecum larger?

A

they need a larger cecume to use it as a fermentation chamber for processing cellulose

104
Q

why is the human cecum (appendix) smaller?

A

functions in defense against invading bacteria & invading bacteria/viruses

105
Q

large intestine

A

the distal (away) portion of the digestive tract

  • consisting of the cecum, colon & rectum
  • FCN: compact wastes that remain & absorb enough water to form feces
  • covered in aquaporins
  • water rescued
106
Q

parts of the large intestine

A

1) cecum (appendix)
2) colon
3) rectum

107
Q

rectum

A

the last portion of the digestive tract

- feces held here until expelled

108
Q

colon

A

the portion of the large intestine where feces are formed by compaction of wastes & reabsorption of water
- main section of section of large intestine

109
Q

cloaca function

A

1) reproduction

2) waste excretion

110
Q

cloaca

A

a body cavity opening to the outside

  • enlarged portion of the large intestine
  • used by both excretory & reproductive systems
  • present in some mammals & many nonmammalian vertebrates

(ie) chicken butt

111
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disease of abnormally high levels of glucose

- type 1 or 2

112
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced in pancreas when blood glucose levels are high

  • causes cells to increase glucose uptake/processing
  • result: decrease in blood glucose levels
113
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced in pancreas when blood glucose levels fall too much

  • causes liver to catabolize glycogen and produce glucose via gluconoeogenesis
  • w/draw stored glycogen (stored fats)
114
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds

- causes rise in blood glucose levels

115
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

disease where insulin is not synthesized
- sugar not stored

treated w/ insulin injections & careful attention to diet

116
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

disease with defective versions of insulin

  • too much sugar intake, not enough storage/insulin
  • correlated w/ obesity

treated by prescribed diets, monitoring blood glucose levels & drugs that increase cellular responsiveness to insulin

BIO225 (26 decks)

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