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BIO225 > Ch. 47 Animal Sensory System > Flashcards

Ch. 47 Animal Sensory System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

ability to sense a change in the environment depends on:

A

1) transduction
2) amplification
3) transmission

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2
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of info from one mode to another
- requires a sensory receptor cell to convert stimulus into electrical signal

(ie) a stimulus outside a cell is converted into a response by the cell

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3
Q

amplification

A

increase effect

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4
Q

transmission

A

the passage or transfer of (1) disease from one individual to another or (2) electrical impulses from one neuron to another
- signal to the CNS

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5
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

1) nociceptor
2) thermoreceptor
3) mechanoreceptor
4) chemoreceptor
5) photoreceptor
6) electroreceptor
7) magnetoreceptor

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6
Q

nociceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized to detect tissue damage
- sense harmful stimuli

(ie) senses pain & tissue injury

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7
Q

thermoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detection of changes in temperature

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8
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detecting distortions caused by touch or pressure

(ie) hair cells in the cochlea
(ie) statocyst of a crab

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9
Q

chemoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detection of specific molecules or classes of molecules

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10
Q

photoreceptor

A

a molecule, a cell, or an organ that is specialized to detect light

  • responds to particular wavelengths of light
  • forms a layer at the back of the retina
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11
Q

electroreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized to detect electric fields

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12
Q

magnetoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detecting magnetic fields

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13
Q

If ion flows cause the interior to become more positive (less negative), the membrane is __________ (depolarized/hyperpolarized).

A

depolarized

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14
Q

If ion flows cause the interior to become more negative, the membrane is __________ (depolarized/hyperpolarized).

A

hyperpolarized

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15
Q

statocyst

A

a sensory organ detects the animal orientation in space

  • sac filled w/ fluid
  • lined w/ pressure receptor cells
  • contains Ca+ rich substance that rests on the bottom
  • flipped over: Ca+ substance bumps up against the receptor cells, which send an action potential to the brain
  • signals crab to turn upright
  • found in arthropods (crabs)

(ie) whether the animal is flipped upside down

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16
Q

pressure-sensing systems can be used for:

A

1) hearing
2) physical pressure on the skin
3) the movement of muscles
4) the stretching of blood vessels

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17
Q

hair cell

A

a pressure-detecting sensory cell

  • has tiny “hairs” (stereocilia) jutting from its surface
  • some have kinocilium
  • mechanoreceptor
  • pressure receptor cells
  • found in: inner ear, lateral line system & ampullae of Lorenzini
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18
Q

stereocillicium

A

one of many stiff outgrowths from the surface of a hair cell that are involved in detection of sound by terrestrial vertebrates or of waterborne vibrations by fishes

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19
Q

kinocillium

A

a single cilium that juts from the surface of many hair cells

  • tallest kinocillium extends into the fluid chambers
  • FCN: detection of sound or pressure
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20
Q

ways depolarization of hair cell causes a movement of calcium ions

A

1) causes an increase in release of nts @ synaps btwn the hair cell & the sensory
2) the postsynaptic cells become excited & fire an action potential to the brain, affecting afferent neurons
3) the afferent neurons are part of the PNS, which conveys information to the CNS

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21
Q

If hyperpolarization occurs, the action potential is _____.

A

inhibited

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22
Q

how nts are released

A

1) pressure wave bends stereocillia
2) potassium channels open
3) membrane depolarizes
4) calcium flows in
5) synaptic vesicles fuse
6) neurotransmitter is released

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23
Q

hearing

A

the sensation of the wavelike changes in air or water pressure called sound
- mechanoreceptor

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24
Q

sound

A

wavelike changes in air or water pressue

- different frequencies = different pitches

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25
frequency
the number of wave crests per second traveling past a stationary point - determines pitch of sound & color of light
26
pitch
the sensation produced by a particular frequency of sound - low frequency = low pitches - high frequency = high pitc
27
parts of the human ear
1) outer ear 2) middle ear 3) inner ear * separated by from others by a membrane
28
outer ear
external potion of the ear - collects pressure waves - funnels pressure waves into the ear canal (ie) ear lobe
29
tympanic membrane
the membrane separating the middle ear from the outer ear in terrestrial vertebrates, or similar structures in insects - 15x larger than oval window (amplifies sound by 15x) (aka) eardrum
30
middle ear
the air-filled middle portion of the mammalian ear - contains three small bones/ossicles - transmits & amplifies sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear - connected to the throat via the eustachian tube
31
ear ossicle
*from outermost to innermost ossicle 1) mallus 2) incus 3) stapes
32
stapes
the last of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear of vertebrates - receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane - vibrates against the oval window - passes vibrations to the cochlea
33
oval window
a membrane separating the fluid-filled cochlea from the air-filled middle ear - sound vibrations pass through it from the middle ear to the inner ear in mammals
34
cochlea
the organ of hearing in the inner ear of mammals, birds & crocodilians - a coiled, fluid-filled tube - contains specialized pressure-sensing neurons (hair bcells) that detect sounds of different pitches
35
basilar membrane
the membrane on which the bottom portion of hair cells sits in the vertebrate cochlea - varies in stiffness - sounds of different frequencies cause membrane to vibrate maximally in specific spots along its length - goes from narrow to wide
36
tectorial membrane
a membrane located in the vertebrate cochlea | - takes part in the transduction of sound by bending the stereocilia of hair cells in response to sonic vibrations
37
narrow part of basilar membrane detects ______ frequencies
higher
38
wide part of basilar membrane detects _______ frequencies
lower
39
infrasound
sound frequencies too low for humans to hear | - elephants use this to communicate over long distances
40
ultrasonic sound
sound frequencies too high for humans to hear | - bats use this to echolocate
41
echolocation
the use of echoes from vocalizations to obtain info about locations of objects in the environment
42
lateral line system
a pressure-sensitive sensory organ found in many aquatic vertebrates (ie) aquatic animals get info about pressure changes @ specific points along the head & body
43
compound eye
an eye formed of many independent light-sensing (ommatidia) - composed of hundreds of thousands of light-sensing columns (ommatidia) - occurs in arthropods. insects & crustaceans
44
ommatidia
a light-sensing column in arthropod's compound eye - each ommatidia has a lens that focuses light onto a smaller number of receptor cells that in turn send axons to the brain - each ommatidia contributes info about one small piece of the visual field
45
camera eye
a structure that focuses incoming light onto a layer of receptor cells (aka) simple eye
46
parts of the eye
1) schlera 2) cornea 3) iris 4) pupil 5) lens 6) retina
47
sclera
the outermost layer of the eye | - tough, white tissue
48
cornea
the transparent sheet of connective tissue at the very front of the eye in vertebrates & some other animals - protects the eye & helps focus light
49
iris
a ring of pigmented muscle just behind cornea in the vertebrate eye - contracts or expands to control the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil - colored part of the eye
50
pupil
the hole in the center of the iris through which light enters a vertebrate or cephalopod eye
51
lens
a transparent structure that focuses incoming light onto a retina or other light-sensing apparatus of an eye
52
retina
a thin layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and neurons @ the back of a simple eye - incoming light gets focused here
53
cell layers in the retina
1) photoreceptors 2) bipolar cells 3) ganglion cells
54
bipolar cell
an intermediate layer of connecting neurons in the retina | - the postsynaptic cell
55
ganglion cell
(in the retina) a type of neuron whose axons form the optic nerve
56
optic nerve
a bundle of neurons that runs from the eye to the brain
57
blind spot
the photoreceptor-free area where the optic nerve leaves the retina
58
cephalopod mollusk camera eya
no blind spot | - photoreceptor cells form a continuous layer on the inside of the retina
59
rod
a photoreceptor cell w/ a rod-shaped outer portion - sensitive to dim light - not used to distinguish colors
60
cone
a photoreceptor cell w/ a cone-shaped outer portion | - sensitive to bright light of a certain color
61
fovea
(vertebrate eye) a portion of the retina where incoming light is focused - contains a high proportion of cone cells - no rods
62
opsin
a transmembrane protein that is covalently linked to retinal, the light-detecting pigment in rod & cone cells
63
retinal
a light-absorbing pigment that is linked to the protein opsin in rods & cones of the vertebrate eye - two-molecule complex
64
how light shuts down nt release
1) light causes retinal to change shape, rhodopsin activated 2) rhodopsin activates transducin, which activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3) PDE breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to guanosine monophosphate (GMP) 4) as cGMP levels decline, cGMP-gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane of the rod cell close 5) when sodium channels close, Na+ entry decreases & membrane hyperpolarizes, decreasing nts released 6) nt decrease indicates the postsynaptic cell (bipolar cell) that rod absorbed light 7) action potentials sent to brain via ganglion cells
65
transducin
a protein that activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) when light hits rhodopsin
66
phosphodiesterase (PDE)
an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) -> guanosine monophosphate (GMP)
67
gustation
the perception of taste via chemoreceptors
68
olfaction
the perception of odors via chemoreceptors
69
taste bud
a taste-sensing chemoreceptor - found chiefly in the mammalian tongue - contains spindle-shaped cells that respond to chemical stimuli 1 taste bud = 100 taste cells
70
taste cell
taste receptors that synapse to sensory neurons
71
basic tastes
``` salty sour bitter sweet umami ```
72
What causes the sensation of salty?
result of sodium ions dissolved in food | - sodium ions flow into taste cells through open sodium ion channels & depolarize the cell membrane

BIO225 (26 decks)

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