Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO225 > Ch. 47 Animal Sensory System > Flashcards

Ch. 47 Animal Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

ability to sense a change in the environment depends on:

A

1) transduction
2) amplification
3) transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of info from one mode to another
- requires a sensory receptor cell to convert stimulus into electrical signal

(ie) a stimulus outside a cell is converted into a response by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

amplification

A

increase effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transmission

A

the passage or transfer of (1) disease from one individual to another or (2) electrical impulses from one neuron to another
- signal to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

1) nociceptor
2) thermoreceptor
3) mechanoreceptor
4) chemoreceptor
5) photoreceptor
6) electroreceptor
7) magnetoreceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nociceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized to detect tissue damage
- sense harmful stimuli

(ie) senses pain & tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thermoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detection of changes in temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detecting distortions caused by touch or pressure

(ie) hair cells in the cochlea
(ie) statocyst of a crab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chemoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detection of specific molecules or classes of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

photoreceptor

A

a molecule, a cell, or an organ that is specialized to detect light

  • responds to particular wavelengths of light
  • forms a layer at the back of the retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electroreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized to detect electric fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

magnetoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ specialized for detecting magnetic fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If ion flows cause the interior to become more positive (less negative), the membrane is __________ (depolarized/hyperpolarized).

A

depolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If ion flows cause the interior to become more negative, the membrane is __________ (depolarized/hyperpolarized).

A

hyperpolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

statocyst

A

a sensory organ detects the animal orientation in space

  • sac filled w/ fluid
  • lined w/ pressure receptor cells
  • contains Ca+ rich substance that rests on the bottom
  • flipped over: Ca+ substance bumps up against the receptor cells, which send an action potential to the brain
  • signals crab to turn upright
  • found in arthropods (crabs)

(ie) whether the animal is flipped upside down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pressure-sensing systems can be used for:

A

1) hearing
2) physical pressure on the skin
3) the movement of muscles
4) the stretching of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hair cell

A

a pressure-detecting sensory cell

  • has tiny “hairs” (stereocilia) jutting from its surface
  • some have kinocilium
  • mechanoreceptor
  • pressure receptor cells
  • found in: inner ear, lateral line system & ampullae of Lorenzini
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stereocillicium

A

one of many stiff outgrowths from the surface of a hair cell that are involved in detection of sound by terrestrial vertebrates or of waterborne vibrations by fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

kinocillium

A

a single cilium that juts from the surface of many hair cells

  • tallest kinocillium extends into the fluid chambers
  • FCN: detection of sound or pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ways depolarization of hair cell causes a movement of calcium ions

A

1) causes an increase in release of nts @ synaps btwn the hair cell & the sensory
2) the postsynaptic cells become excited & fire an action potential to the brain, affecting afferent neurons
3) the afferent neurons are part of the PNS, which conveys information to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If hyperpolarization occurs, the action potential is _____.

A

inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how nts are released

A

1) pressure wave bends stereocillia
2) potassium channels open
3) membrane depolarizes
4) calcium flows in
5) synaptic vesicles fuse
6) neurotransmitter is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hearing

A

the sensation of the wavelike changes in air or water pressure called sound
- mechanoreceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sound

A

wavelike changes in air or water pressue

- different frequencies = different pitches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

frequency

A

the number of wave crests per second traveling past a stationary point
- determines pitch of sound & color of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pitch

A

the sensation produced by a particular frequency of sound

  • low frequency = low pitches
  • high frequency = high pitc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

parts of the human ear

A

1) outer ear
2) middle ear
3) inner ear
* separated by from others by a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

outer ear

A

external potion of the ear

  • collects pressure waves
  • funnels pressure waves into the ear canal

(ie) ear lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the membrane separating the middle ear from the outer ear in terrestrial vertebrates, or similar structures in insects
- 15x larger than oval window (amplifies sound by 15x)

(aka) eardrum

30
Q

middle ear

A

the air-filled middle portion of the mammalian ear

  • contains three small bones/ossicles
  • transmits & amplifies sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
  • connected to the throat via the eustachian tube
31
Q

ear ossicle

A

*from outermost to innermost ossicle

1) mallus
2) incus
3) stapes

32
Q

stapes

A

the last of three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear of vertebrates

  • receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane
  • vibrates against the oval window
  • passes vibrations to the cochlea
33
Q

oval window

A

a membrane separating the fluid-filled cochlea from the air-filled middle ear
- sound vibrations pass through it from the middle ear to the inner ear in mammals

34
Q

cochlea

A

the organ of hearing in the inner ear of mammals, birds & crocodilians

  • a coiled, fluid-filled tube
  • contains specialized pressure-sensing neurons (hair bcells) that detect sounds of different pitches
35
Q

basilar membrane

A

the membrane on which the bottom portion of hair cells sits in the vertebrate cochlea

  • varies in stiffness
  • sounds of different frequencies cause membrane to vibrate maximally in specific spots along its length
  • goes from narrow to wide
36
Q

tectorial membrane

A

a membrane located in the vertebrate cochlea

- takes part in the transduction of sound by bending the stereocilia of hair cells in response to sonic vibrations

37
Q

narrow part of basilar membrane detects ______ frequencies

A

higher

38
Q

wide part of basilar membrane detects _______ frequencies

A

lower

39
Q

infrasound

A

sound frequencies too low for humans to hear

- elephants use this to communicate over long distances

40
Q

ultrasonic sound

A

sound frequencies too high for humans to hear

- bats use this to echolocate

41
Q

echolocation

A

the use of echoes from vocalizations to obtain info about locations of objects in the environment

42
Q

lateral line system

A

a pressure-sensitive sensory organ found in many aquatic vertebrates

(ie) aquatic animals get info about pressure changes @ specific points along the head & body

43
Q

compound eye

A

an eye formed of many independent light-sensing (ommatidia)

  • composed of hundreds of thousands of light-sensing columns (ommatidia)
  • occurs in arthropods. insects & crustaceans
44
Q

ommatidia

A

a light-sensing column in arthropod’s compound eye

  • each ommatidia has a lens that focuses light onto a smaller number of receptor cells that in turn send axons to the brain
  • each ommatidia contributes info about one small piece of the visual field
45
Q

camera eye

A

a structure that focuses incoming light onto a layer of receptor cells

(aka) simple eye

46
Q

parts of the eye

A

1) schlera
2) cornea
3) iris
4) pupil
5) lens
6) retina

47
Q

sclera

A

the outermost layer of the eye

- tough, white tissue

48
Q

cornea

A

the transparent sheet of connective tissue at the very front of the eye in vertebrates & some other animals
- protects the eye & helps focus light

49
Q

iris

A

a ring of pigmented muscle just behind cornea in the vertebrate eye

  • contracts or expands to control the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil
  • colored part of the eye
50
Q

pupil

A

the hole in the center of the iris through which light enters a vertebrate or cephalopod eye

51
Q

lens

A

a transparent structure that focuses incoming light onto a retina or other light-sensing apparatus of an eye

52
Q

retina

A

a thin layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and neurons @ the back of a simple eye
- incoming light gets focused here

53
Q

cell layers in the retina

A

1) photoreceptors
2) bipolar cells
3) ganglion cells

54
Q

bipolar cell

A

an intermediate layer of connecting neurons in the retina

- the postsynaptic cell

55
Q

ganglion cell

A

(in the retina) a type of neuron whose axons form the optic nerve

56
Q

optic nerve

A

a bundle of neurons that runs from the eye to the brain

57
Q

blind spot

A

the photoreceptor-free area where the optic nerve leaves the retina

58
Q

cephalopod mollusk camera eya

A

no blind spot

- photoreceptor cells form a continuous layer on the inside of the retina

59
Q

rod

A

a photoreceptor cell w/ a rod-shaped outer portion

  • sensitive to dim light
  • not used to distinguish colors
60
Q

cone

A

a photoreceptor cell w/ a cone-shaped outer portion

- sensitive to bright light of a certain color

61
Q

fovea

A

(vertebrate eye) a portion of the retina where incoming light is focused

  • contains a high proportion of cone cells
  • no rods
62
Q

opsin

A

a transmembrane protein that is covalently linked to retinal, the light-detecting pigment in rod & cone cells

63
Q

retinal

A

a light-absorbing pigment that is linked to the protein opsin in rods & cones of the vertebrate eye
- two-molecule complex

64
Q

how light shuts down nt release

A

1) light causes retinal to change shape, rhodopsin activated
2) rhodopsin activates transducin, which activates phosphodiesterase (PDE)
3) PDE breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to guanosine monophosphate (GMP)
4) as cGMP levels decline, cGMP-gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane of the rod cell close
5) when sodium channels close, Na+ entry decreases & membrane hyperpolarizes, decreasing nts released
6) nt decrease indicates the postsynaptic cell (bipolar cell) that rod absorbed light
7) action potentials sent to brain via ganglion cells

65
Q

transducin

A

a protein that activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) when light hits rhodopsin

66
Q

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) -> guanosine monophosphate (GMP)

67
Q

gustation

A

the perception of taste via chemoreceptors

68
Q

olfaction

A

the perception of odors via chemoreceptors

69
Q

taste bud

A

a taste-sensing chemoreceptor

  • found chiefly in the mammalian tongue
  • contains spindle-shaped cells that respond to chemical stimuli

1 taste bud = 100 taste cells

70
Q

taste cell

A

taste receptors that synapse to sensory neurons

71
Q

basic tastes

A 
salty
sour
bitter
sweet
umami
72
Q

What causes the sensation of salty?

A

result of sodium ions dissolved in food

- sodium ions flow into taste cells through open sodium ion channels & depolarize the cell membrane

BIO225 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions