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BIO225 > Ch. 42 Animal Form & Function > Flashcards

Ch. 42 Animal Form & Function Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of an organism’s physical structure

anatomy = build & shape

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the physical structures in an organism funciton

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3
Q

adaptations

A

heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than individuals that lack those traits
- result from evolution by natural selection

a genetic change that occurs over generations in response to natural selection in a population

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4
Q

factors that limit adaptations

A

1) genetics, which can be expensive
2) morphology
3) trade-offs

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5
Q

trade-offs

A

inescapable compromises between traits
- pervasive (spreads widely) in nature

(ie.) quality vs. quantity of offspring

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6
Q

acclimation

A

(acclimatization)

a phenotypic change that occurs in an individual in response to a short-term change in environmental conditions

  • ability to adapt to change
  • example of adaptation
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7
Q

adaptive

A

description of when a trait/structure helps the individual survive & produce offspring

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8
Q

structure, size, shape or composition correlates closely with its

A

function

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9
Q

multicellular

A

bodies contain distinct types of cells that are responsible for different functions

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10
Q

types of tissue

A

1) connective
2) nervous
3) muscle
4) epithelial

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11
Q

connective tissue

A

cells loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike, or solid extracellular matrix
- each type of connective tissue secretes its own distinct type of matrix

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12
Q

types of connective tissue

A

1) loose connective tissue
2) dense connective tissue
3) supporting connective tissue
4) fluid connective tissue

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13
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells that function as a unit

- cells w/ similar functions

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14
Q

determines the nature of the connective tissue

A

matrix

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15
Q

loose connective tissue

A

a type of connective tissue consisting of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix

  • FCN: packing material between organs OR padding under the skin
  • type of matrix: soft

(ie) adipose tissue

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16
Q

adipose tissue

A

(fat tissue)

tissue made up of cells that are dominated by fat droplets and a loose matrix of fibers & fluid
- type of loose connective tissue

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17
Q

dense connective tissue

A

a type of connective tissue, distinguished by having an extracellular matrix dominated by collagen fibers

  • found in: tendons & ligaments
  • type of extracellular matrix: many tough collagen fibers
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18
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

a type of connective tissue distinguished by having a firm extracellular matrix

  • type of extracellular matrix: firm
  • examples: bone & cartilage
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19
Q

function of bone & cartilage

A

provide structural support for the body & protective enclosures for the brain and other components of the nervous system

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20
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

a type of connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix

  • type of matrix: liquid
  • example: blood
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21
Q

blood

A

a type of fluid connective tissue consisting of red blood cells and leukocytes suspended in a fluid portion (plasma)

  • FCN: transports material throughout the body
  • its matrix is called plasma
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22
Q

plasma

A

the non-cellular portion of blood

- type of matrix

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23
Q

nervous tissue

A

an animal tissue consisting of nerve cells (neurons) and various supporting cells

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24
Q

neuron

A

(nerve cell)
a cell that is specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses
- made up of dendrites, a cell body & axon

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25
Q

dendrite

A

a short extension (branch) from a neuron’s cell body that receives/transmits signals from other neurons

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26
Q

axon

A

a long projection of a neuron that can propagate/promote an action potential
- carries electrical signals from cell body to other cells

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27
Q

muscle tissue

A

an animal tissue consisting of bundles of long, thin, contractile cells (muscle fibers)

  • FCN: movement
  • key innovation in the evolution of animals
  • appears in no other lineage other than animals
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28
Q

types of muscle

A

1) skeletal muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) smooth muscle

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29
Q

skeletal muscle

A

the muscle tissue attached to the bones of the vertebrate skeleton

  • consists of long, unbranched muscle fibers with a characteristic striped (striated) appearance
  • voluntary control
  • responsible for most body movements
  • found in: typical muscles, digestive & urinary tracts
  • gives the body shape
  • little nuclei
  • very strong
  • built to move

(ie) encircles & controls the openings of the digestive and urinary tracts

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30
Q

cardiac muscle

A

the muscle tissue that make up the walls of the heart

  • found in: heart
  • responsible for pumping blood
  • consists of long, branched fibers that are physically & electrically connected
  • involuntary control
  • many nuclei
  • cells point in one direction
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31
Q

smooth muscle

A

unstriated muscle

  • found in: linings of intestine (digestive tract), blood vessels & other organs
  • consists of tapered, unbranched cells that can sustain long contractions
  • involuntary control
  • many nuclei
  • cells in all directions
  • hold things in place
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32
Q

epithelial tisue

A

(epithelia)
an animal tissue consisting of sheetlike layers tightly packed cells that line an organ, gland, duct, or body surface
- found in: organ, glands, ducts, or body surface
- FCN: protection & regulate transfer of heat between interior/exterior of structures & transfer water, nutrients, and other substances
- has polarity or sidedness (apical or basolateral)

33
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

1) protection
2) regulate transfer of heat between interior/exterior of structures
3) transfer water, nutrients, and other substances

34
Q

apical side

A

(toward the top)
the side of epithelial tissue that faces away from other tissues toward the environment
- has hair for absorption

35
Q

basolateral side

A

(toward the base)
the side of epithelial tissue that faces the animals’ interior
- connected to other tissues by basal lamina

36
Q

basal lamina

A

a thick, collagen-rich extracellular matrix that underlies most epithelial tissues in animals

  • connects epithelial tissue to connective tissue
  • layer of fibers found in basolateral side
37
Q

organs

A

a group of tissues organized into a functional and structural unit
- tissues w/ similar functions and specialized structures

38
Q

organ system

A

groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform a function

39
Q

rate at which gases, nutrients, and waste products diffuse across membranes depends in part on the amount of ______ available for diffusion

A

surface area

40
Q

the rate at which nutrients are used and waste products are produced depends on the _______ of the cell

A

volume

41
Q

metabolic rate

A

the total energy used by all the cells of an individual

  • overall rate of energy consumption by an individual
  • (aerobic organisms) often measured as the amount of oxygen consumed per hour
42
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature & moisture conditions

  • measured in mL of O2 consumed per gram of body mass per hour
  • smaller size, higher BMR
43
Q

effective ways for structures to have a high surface area/volume ratio

A

1) flattening
2) folding
3) branching

44
Q

example of flattening

A

fish gills have flattened sheet-like structures (lamellae)

45
Q

example of folding

A

the mammal small intestine has folds called villi

46
Q

villi

A

small, finger-like projections (1) of the lining of the small intestine or (2) of the fetal portion of the placenta adjacent to maternal arteries
- FCN: increase surface area available for absorption of nutrients and gas exchange

47
Q

example of branching

A

small blood vessels (capillaries) are highly branched

48
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively constant internal environment

- internal chemical & physical states are kept w/in a tolerable range even if animal’s environment changes

49
Q

types of homeostasis

A

1) conformation homeostasis

2) regulation homeostasis

50
Q

conformation homeostasis

A

homeostasis that occurs by conformation to the external environment

(ie) body T of a fish matches that of the surrounding water

51
Q

regulation homeostasis

A

homeostasis that requires a physiological mechanism that adjusts the internal state to keep it w/in limits that can be tolerated, regardless of the external conditions
- most animals

(ie) dog maintains body T of 38˚ C

52
Q

what happens to body when it’s too hot?

A

enzyme clumps

proteins denature, cease functioning –> dehydration

53
Q

what happens to body when it’s too cold?

A

enzyme breaks up –> slow function

decreased energy production

54
Q

factors that effect structre & function of enzymes

A

1) temperature
2) pH
3) other physical and chemical conditions

55
Q

set point

A

a normal or target value for a regulated internal variable, such as body heat or blood pH

56
Q

components homeostatic system is based on

A

1) a sensor
2) an integrator
3) an effector

57
Q

why do small mammals lose heat rapidly in cold climates?

A

their surface area is large relative to their volume

58
Q

torpor

A

an energy-conserving physiological state, marked by a decrease in metabolic rate, body temperature, and activity

  • lasts for a short period (overnight to a few days or weeks)
  • occurs in some small mammals when the ambient (surrounding) temperature drops significantly
59
Q

hibernation

A

an energy-conserving physiological state, marked by a decrease in metabolic rate, body temperature, and activity

  • lasts for a prolonged period (weeks to months)
  • occurs in some animals in response to winter cold and scarcity of food
60
Q

endotherm

A

an animal whose primary source of body heat is internally generated

  • heat given off by the high rate of chemical reactions is enough to warm the body
  • produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues
  • extremely high BMR
  • more active

(ie) fur in mammals & feathers in birds help them retain heat

61
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal that gains most of its body heat from direct environment/external sources

  • generate heat as by-product of metabolism
  • generate small amount of heat relative to endotherms
  • relies on heat gained from environment
  • low BMR
  • less active

(ie) reptiles bath in sun the get heat

62
Q

thermoregulation

A

regulation of body temperature

- important aspect of homeostasis in some animals

63
Q

effector for homeostasis

A

metabolic or behavioral responses to neural signals

64
Q

sensor

A

a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment

(ie) neural signals from temperature receptors in the skin

sensor –> sense

65
Q

integrator

A

a component of the nervous system that evaluates the incoming sensory information and decides if a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis

(ie) hypothalamus interprets neural signals

integrator –> environment

66
Q

effector

A

any structure that helps to restore the desired internal condition

effector solves the problem

67
Q

negative feedback

A

a self-limiting, corrective response in which a deviation in some variable triggers responses aimed at returning the variable to normal
- represents a means of maintaining homeostasis

68
Q

ways animals exchange heat with environment

A

1) conduction
2) convection
3) radiation
4) evaporation

69
Q

conduction (heat exchange)

A

direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with one another

(ie) in cold environment, direct skin to skin contact will keep you warmer

70
Q

convection (heat exchange)

A

a special case of conduction in which heat is exchanged between a solid and a liquid or gas rather than between two solids

(ie) fire to warm body

71
Q

radiation (heat exchange)

A

transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact

(ie) heating water over a flame that is not directly touching the pot

72
Q

evaporation (heat exchange)

A

phase exchange that occurs when liquid water becomes a gas

(ie) when a dog sticks out its tongue and breathes hard (pants), the moisture on the tongue turns into water vapor – it evaporates

73
Q

types of thermoregulation

A

continuum between:

1) ectotherm & endotherm
3) homeotherm & heterotherm

74
Q

homeotherm

A

keep body T constant

75
Q

heterotherm

A

can tolerate changes in body T

76
Q

example of good heat conductor

A

water

77
Q

example of good insulator

A

air (bad heat conductor)

78
Q

countercurrent exchanger

A

any anatomical arrangement that allows the maximum transfer of heat or a soluble substance from one fluid to another
- the 2 fluids must be flowing in opposite direction & have a heat or concentration gradient between them

(ie) gray whale tongue conserves heat
(ie) heat flows freely from warm arteries to cool veins, allowing heat that would otherwise be lost to the surroundings to be returned to the body

BIO225 (26 decks)

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