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Anatomy Lecture > Ch. 4- Tissues Part 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 4- Tissues Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a simple epithelium?

A

single layer of cells

functions:

  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • filtration
  • secretion
  • absorption
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2
Q

What is a stratified epithelium?

A

2 or more layers of cells

function:
- protection of underlying tissues

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3
Q

What are the 4 different cell shapes?

A

1) squamous
2) cuboidal
3) columnar
4) transitional

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4
Q

What are the 3 arrangements of cells in layers?

A

1) simple epithelium
2) stratified epithelium
3) pseudostratified epithelium

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5
Q

What is a pseudostratified epithelium?

A

cells have varying heights

all cells attached to basement membrane but not all reach apical surface

mucus- secreting unicellular gland cells among ciliated cells

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6
Q

Where is the pseudostratified epithelium located?

A

nasal cavity

trachea

bronchi

ductus deferens

part of male urethra

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7
Q

What are the functions of the pseudostratified epithelium?

A

protection

secretion

cilia-mediated transport of particles in mucus

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8
Q

What is the squamous shape of epithelium?

A

cell has a thin, flat and irregular shpae

allows for rapid passage of substances through them

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9
Q

What is the cuboidal shape of epithelium?

A

cell width and height similar

shaped like cubes

some microvilli

function in either absorption or secretion

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10
Q

What is the columnar shape of epithelium?

A

cell is taller than it is wide

may have cilia or microvilli

functions:

  • protection
  • absorption
  • secretion
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11
Q

What is the transitional shape of epithelium?

A

cell shape changes from cuboidal to squamous

function:
- distensibility (expansion and recoil)

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12
Q

What is nonstratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium?

A

lines wet surface

cells are constantly moistened by mucus from salivary and mucous glands

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13
Q

What is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

A

found in epidermis

provides protection from abrasions and penetrations of organisms, retards water loss

keratinocytes

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14
Q

What happens as apical layer cells die?

A

sloughed off and replaced by new cells that migrate upward from the basilar layer

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15
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless and tubeless

produce and secrete hormones

hormones go through basal lamina

multicellular (thyroid/ pituitary glands)

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16
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

most have duct or tubule

secrete their products via ducts onto body surfaces or into body cavties

more numerous than endocrine

secretions include enzymes, sweat, tears

unicellular and multicellular glands

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17
Q

What can multicellular exocrine glands be further classified based on their?

A

1) duct structure
2) shape of their secretory units
3) mode of secretion

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18
Q

What is CT?

A

most abundant and variable tissue type

arise from mesenchyme cells

many vascularized and contain sensory receptors

consists of specialized cells and matrix

19
Q

What are the 8 functions of CT?

A

1) bind together, support and strengthen other body tissues
2) compartmentalize structures
3) interconnects other types of structures
4) establish a structural framework fro the body
5) protect and insulate internal organs
6) transport fluids and dissolved material
7) defends the body from invading microorganisms
8) primary site of stored energy

20
Q

What is lose CT?

A

more ground substance , less fibers

Types:

  • Areolar CT
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Reticular Tissue
21
Q

What is dense CT?

A

has more fiber, less ground substance

Types:

  • dense regular CT (tendon/ ligament)
  • dense irregular CT (deep dermis/ capsule around internal organs)
  • elastic CT
22
Q

What is fluid CT?

A

cells in a watery matrix

types:

  • blood
  • lymph
23
Q

What are types of supporting CT?

A
  • Cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage)

- bone

24
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

most common cells in CT

secrete collagen and elastin= fibers

certain components of ECM

25
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells

store triglycerides

26
Q

What are mesnchymal cells?

A

multipotent progenitor cells that give rise to CT

27
Q

What are macrophages?

A

derived from monocytes

wander through CT phagocytizing foreign material and activating immune system

28
Q

What are mast cells?

A

secrete:

  • heparin that inhibits blood clotting
  • histamine that dilates blood vessels

released as part of inflammatory response and tissue repair

29
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

migrate from blood into CT in response to tissue damage and infection

30
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

differentiate from B lymphocytes

synthesize antibodies

31
Q

What are microphages?

A

are neutrophils and eosinophils that are phagocytic blood cells

32
Q

What are 3 types of CT fibers?

A

1) collagen
2) reticular
3) elastic

33
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A

most common fibers in CT

each fiber consists of bundle of protein subunits

tough and resistant to stretch yet flexible

abundant in:

  • bone
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • dermis
34
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

thin collagen type fibers with glycoprotein

resists forces applied from many directions

from framework which stabilizes the positions of functional cells

35
Q

What are parenchyma of reticular fibers?

A

functional parts of an organ in the body

36
Q

What are stroma of reticular fibers?

A

structural tissue of organ

37
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

thin branching fibers made of elastin

stretch and recoil

elastic ligaments (rare) abundant in elastic fibers

give skin, lungs, arteries ability to stretch and recoil

38
Q

What is areolar CT?

A

consists of loose arrangment of collagenous and elastic fibers

underlying all epithelia

seprates skin from deeper structures

absorbs shock

39
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

nucleus pressed against cell membrane

functions:

  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • cushioning
40
Q

What are reticular tissue?

A

loose network of reticualr fibers and cells

forms supportive framework

found in:

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • liver
  • thymus
  • bone marrow
41
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A

Consists of densely packed parallel collagen fibers, compressed fibroblasts nuclei, and open space

Forms:

  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • aponeurosis
42
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A

densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions

scantly open space

few visible cells

withstands stress applied in different directions

43
Q

What is elastic tissue?

A

consists of mainly dense irregular CT consisting mainly of elastic fibers

allows recoil of tissue after stretching

44
Q

What is the matrix of cartilage made of?

A

Chondroitin Sulfates

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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