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Anatomy Lecture > Ch. 5- Integumentary Ststem > Flashcards

Ch. 5- Integumentary Ststem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ system of the body that 16% of our body weight?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

Skin

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3
Q

What does the skin consist of?

A

Cutaneous membrane

  • epidermis
  • dermis

Accessory structures

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4
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis (superficial layer)
- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis (deep layer)

  • CT
  • extensive network of blood vessels and sensory receptors
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5
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

Originate in dermis

Extend through the epidermis to skin surface

  • hair
  • nails
  • multicellular exocrine glands
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6
Q

What is the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)?

A

Also called superficial fascia

Deep to the dermis

Consists of

  • loose CT
  • adipose tissue

Separates into the mend from the deep fascia around other organs

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7
Q

What is the protection of the integumentary system consist of?

A

Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical attacks

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8
Q

What does the integumentary system secrete?

A

Excretion of salt, water, organic waste (glands)

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9
Q

How does integumentary system maintain body temperature?

A

Insulation and evaporation

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10
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Protects tissue from UV radiation

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11
Q

What does Keratin do?

A

Protects against abrasion and acts as a water repellent

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12
Q

What does vitamin D3 do?

A

Increases calcium absorption

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13
Q

Where does the integumentary system store lipids?

A

Adipocytes

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14
Q

What does integumentary system detect?

A

Touch

Pain

Pressure

Pain

Vibration

Temp

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15
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Most abundant cells of epidermis

Produce keratin- a tough, fibrous protein

Held together by desmosomes

Organized into layers (strata)

Originate in the stratum germinativum and migrate to skin surface

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16
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Found in the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum germinativum)

Synthesize pick me melanin in vesicles

Vesicles transferred to keratinocytes

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17
Q

What are langerhans cells (epidermal dendritic cells)?

A

Arise from bone Marrow and migrate to the epidermis (stratus spinosum)

Participate in immune responses against micro organisms that penetrate the epidermis and superficial skin cancers

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18
Q

What are merkel cells (tactile cells)?

A

Modified epithelial cells

Located at the epidermal-dermal junction

Associated with a disk-like (tactile disc) sensory nerve endings

Respond to light touch and light pressure

When compressed they release chemicals that stimulate the tactile discs of sensory nerve endings

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19
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular

Nutrients and oxygen are obtained via diffusion from capillaries in the dermis

Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells

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20
Q

What is thin skin?

A

Covers most of the body

Consists of four layers (strata) of keratinocytes

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21
Q

What is thick skin?

A

Found in areas were exposure to friction is the greatest

Includes:

  • fingertips
  • Palms
  • sole of feet

Consist of five layers of keratinocytes

22
Q

What are the five strata of keratinocytes from free surface to basal lamina?

A

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum (in thick skin)

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Germinativum (Basale)

Mnemonic: can Lucy get some bagels

23
Q

What is the stratum germinativum?

A

Basal layer

Has many germinative stem cells or basal cells

Attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes

Contains:

  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • merkel/ tactile cells
24
Q

What is the epidermal ridges of the stratum germinativum?

A

Downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis

The project between the dermal papillae of the papillary region

Increases the surface area

25
Q

What is the dermal papillae of the stratum germinativum?

A

Upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis

Increases the surface area

26
Q

The contours of the skin surface follow what in the stratum germinativum?

A

Epidermal ridge patterns

Epidermal Ridges of feet, palms and fingertips

27
Q

What is the stratus spinosum?

A

“Spiny layer”

Cels look like pincushions

Produced by division of stratum germinativum

Consist of 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes- Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium

Contain langerhans cells (dendritic cells)- active in immune response

28
Q

What is the the stratum granulosum?

A

“Grainy layer”

Consist of 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes

In this layer most cells have stop dividing and started producing the proteins (keratin and keratohyalin- granules of protein involved in formation of keratin)

The keratinocytes begin to undergo apoptosis

29
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

“Clear layer”

Appears as a thin translucent band just superficial to the stratum granulosum

Found only in thick skin

Consists of 2 to 3 layers of dead keratinocytes

30
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Exposed surface of skin

15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells

Water resistant

The surface is coded with lipid secretions from sebaceous glands

Takes 7 to 10 days for sale to move from stratum germinativum to corneum

The dead cells generally remain in exposed stratum corneum for an additional two weeks before the shed or Wash away

31
Q

What 2 pigments is skin color influence by?

A

Carotene

Melanin

32
Q

What is dermal circulation?

A

RBCs

Contain hemoglobin

Heme is a pigment that gives whole blood it’s red color

Dilation and constriction of dermal capillaries will affect the color of the skin

33
Q

What is carotene?

A

Orange yellow pigment found in orange vegetables

Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis and hypodermis

Can be converted to vitamin A (for vision and epidermal health)

34
Q

What is melanin?

A

2 types:

  • pheomelanin- red/ yellow
  • eumelanin- brown/ black

Produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum

Stored in transport vesicles (Melanosomes)

Transferred to keratinocytes

Difference in skin color Do you to amount of melanin produced and type of melanin produced

35
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

Located between the epidermis and hypodermis

Angers epidermal accessory structures

Has two major regions:

  • papillary region
  • reticular region

There is no distinct water between regions

Ink is inserted into the dermis for tattoos

36
Q

What is the papillary region (superficial layer)?

A

Lies just deep to the epidermis

Consists of areolar CT

Contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, sensory receptors (tactile (merkel) discs, meissners (tactile) corpuscles and free nerve endings)

Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

37
Q

What is the reticular region (deep layer)?

A

Consist of dense irregular CT (thick collagen fibers and elastic fibers)

Contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, sensory receptors (lamellated and ruffini corpuscles) and accessory structures

38
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Also called the subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia)

Lies deep to the reticular layer of the dermis

Connected to the reticular layer of integument by CT fibers to stabilize the skin

The boundary between the dermis and hypodermis is generally indistinct

Consist of areolar CT and adipose tissue

Has a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

Site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needle

39
Q

What part of the human body is not covered with hair?

A

Palms

Soles

Lips

Portions of external genitalia

40
Q

True or false:

Hair is a non-living structure of producing organs called hair follicles

A

True

41
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Protects and insulated

Guards openings against particles and insects

Sensitive very light touch

42
Q

Where is hair located and where does your project through?

A

Located in dermis

Projects through the epidermis

43
Q

What does hair mainly consist of?

A

Dead keratinized cells

44
Q

Where does formation of hair begin?

A

Formation begins at the base of a hair follicle were a mass of epithelial cells forms a hair bulb

45
Q

What is the base of hair surrounded by?

A

Sensory nerves (hair root plexus)

Which allow you to send some movement of the hair

46
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

A bundle of smooth muscle cells

Extends from the papillary layer of the dermis to the CT sheath surrounding the hair follicle

When stimulated Muscle contracts, pulling on the follicle, causing the hair to stand erect produces goosebumps

47
Q

What is sebum found and what is it?

A

Found In sebaceous (oil) glands

Oily substance

Contains lipids, proteins and other ingredients

Lubricates and protects epidermis

Inhibits bacteria

48
Q

What do sudoriferous (sweat) glands secrete?

A

Secrete a watery substance

49
Q

What does ceruminous (wax) glands produce?

A

Cerumen (ear wax)

50
Q

What do mammary glands produce?

A

Milk

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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