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Anatomy Lecture > Ch. 6- Bones > Flashcards

Ch. 6- Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are sutural (wormian) bones?

A

Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of the skull

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2
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Have complex shapes

Don’t do not fit into any other categories

Exs:

  • spinal vertebrae
  • pelvic bones
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3
Q

What are short bones?

A

About Equal in length and width

Small and thick

Consist mainly of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone

Exs:
Ankle and wrist bones

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4
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Small and flat

develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands and feet

Ex: patella

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5
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Thin

Contains 2 layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone b/n cranium

Many are curved

Exs:
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Scapulae
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6
Q

What are long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide

Consists mainly of compact bone in the diaphysis and spongy bone in epiphysis

Exs:
Femur
Tibia
Humerus
Radius
Metacarpals 
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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7
Q

What are bone markings and the different types?

A

Surface features, bones have characteristics

Exs:

  • Depressions or groves
  • Elevations or projections
  • Openings
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8
Q

What are depressions or grooves?

A

A long bone surface when blood vessels or nerves lie

Exs:
Sulcus and fossa

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9
Q

What are elevations or projections?

A

Where tendons and ligaments attach

Articulations with other bones

Exs:
Processes and ramus

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10
Q

What are openings?

A

Where blood and nerves enter bone

Exs:
Foramen and canal

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11
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The shaft

Consist of a thick outer layer of compact bone that’s around a central medullary cavity

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12
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The wide ends of bones

Exterior is compact bone and the interior is spongy bone

Consists of the part that articulates with other bones

The joint surface of the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage

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13
Q

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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14
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Also known as cortical bone

The dense external layer of bone

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15
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Also called trabecular or cancellous bone

Consists of an open network of struts or plates of bone tissue that resembles latticework

Open spaces b/n trabeculae are filled with red or yellow marrow

Do not have osteons

Consists of lamellae irregularly arranged in thin columns called trabeculae

Covered in endosteum

Always surrounded by layer of compact bone

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16
Q

What is an osteon (haversian system)?

A

Structural unit of compact bone

Consists of:

  • concentric lamellae
  • central canal (haversian canal)
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi

Each osteon is long tube like cylinder that is parallel to the long axis of the bone

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17
Q

What is a concentric lamellae?

A

Concentric rings of bone matrix arranged around a central canal

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18
Q

What is a central/ Haversian canal?

A

A passageway through the center of each osteon and runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

Contains:

  • blood vessel
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves
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19
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small cavities, in the bone matrix, that contain osteocytes

Located between concentric lamellae

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20
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Narrow passageways in bone matrix that radiate out in all directions from the lacunae

Connect to Laguna with one another and with central canal

Provides a passageway for nutrients to reach the osteocytes and removal of waste products

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21
Q

What is the volmann’s/ perforating canal?

A

Passageways that run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Connects the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and the medullary cavity

Lined with endosteum

22
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Remanants of osteoid whose matrix have almost been completely recycled by osteoclasts

Fill in the spaces between osteons in compact bone

23
Q

What are circumferential lamellae?

A

Outer circumferential lamellae- Located deep to the periosteum

Inner circumferential lamellae-
Located superficial to the medullary cavity

24
Q

Is spongy or compact bone lighter?

A

Spongy bone

25
Q

What does trabeculae consist of?

A

Concentric lamellae (irregularly arranged)

Osteocytes in Lacunae

Canaliculi

26
Q

Are there blood vessels in the matrix of spongy bone?

A

No

27
Q

What do blood vessels in Marrow tissue do?

A

Delivers nutrients to the trabeculae and removes waste generated by the osteocytes

28
Q

How does nutrients reach the osteocytes?

A

Diffusion from capillaries

29
Q

Spongy bone makes up most of the interior bone tissue of what kind of bones?

A

Short, flat, sesaamoid and irregularly shaped bones

Core of epiphysis

Narrow rim bordering medullary cavity of diaphysis

30
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

Highly vascularized CT

Main function hematopoiesis

Contains:

  • reticular tissue
  • capillaries
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • collagen fibers
31
Q

In newborns, What color is bone marrow and where is it located?

A

Red

Located in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone

32
Q

In Adults where is red and yellow bone marrow found?

A

Red- located b/n trabeculae of spongy bone

Yellow- medullary cavity of long bones

33
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A double layered CT sheath

Outer fibrous layer- dense irregular CT

Inter cellular level- osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells

Covers compact bone except joint cavity

Attached to underlying bone by perforating/ sharpey’s fibers

Supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic and blood vessels

34
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

CT layer

Covers internal bone surfaces

Covers trabeculae of spongy bone

Lines central canals, medullary cavity and volkmann’s canal

Contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells

35
Q

What is the nutrient artery and vein?

A

Supply the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen and in most bones have only one artery and vein

36
Q

What are the metaphyseal and epiphyseal vessels?

A

Supply the metaphyses and epigyses

37
Q

What is the periosteal vessel?

A

Supply blood to the periosteum and superficial osteons

38
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A crack or break in a bone caused by physical stress or pathological processes

39
Q

What is an impact fracture?

A

Caused by direct trauma

40
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

Caused by repeated, abnormal stress to a bone

41
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Break in a bone weakend by some other disease like bone cancer or osteoporosis

42
Q

What is a non-displaced fracture?

A

Bone ends retained normal position after fracture

43
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

Bones ends out of normal alignment after fracture

44
Q

What is a complete fracture?

A

Bone is broken all the way through

45
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

Bone is not broken all the way through

46
Q

What is a linear fracture?

A

The Fracture line is parallel to long axis of the bone

47
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

The fracture line is perpendicular to long axis of the bone

48
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

The fracture line is oblique to the long axis of the bone

49
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

The fracture line spirals along the long axis of the bone

50
Q

What is a compound Fracture?

A

Open

Bone ends penetrate the skin after fracture

51
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

Bone ends do not penetrate the skin after a fracture

52
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Bone breaks into multiple pieces

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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