Ch 40: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular/Circulatory System

A

Heart + blood vessels

Blood vessels transport blood that contains O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste

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2
Q

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Attacks foreign substances in the body

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3
Q

Respiratory System

A

Gas exchange - intake of CO2, outtake of CO

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

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4
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units

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5
Q

Urinary/Excretory System

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

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6
Q

Testes

A

Produce sperm and male sex hormones

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7
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce eggs and female sex hormones

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8
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Sheets of densely packed, tightly connected cells
Creates boundaries between the inside and outside of the body
Transports, filters, and secretes substances
Location: surfaces of skin, organs, blood vessels, etc.

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9
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Elongated cells that generate force and cause movement

Most abundant tissues

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10
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Attached to bones
Responsible for body movement
Highly organized structure
Nuclei are squeezed to the side

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11
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Make up the heart
Responsible for heartbeats and blood flow
Mesh like structure allows cells to easily couple

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12
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Make up walls of internal organs

Move and generate forces in these organs

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13
Q

Connective tissues

A

Connect, support, bind, or separate other tissues and organs
Extracellular matrix contains protein fibers
Has collagen and elastin

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14
Q

Cartilage

A

Cells that cushion joints

Provide structural support with flexibility

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15
Q

Bone

A

Cells that provide support

Hardened by calcium phosphate deposition in the matrix

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16
Q

Blood

A

Cells float in a very liquid extracellular matrix (blood plasma)

17
Q

Adipose

A

Cells that store energy, cushion organs, and prevent heat loss
Stores nutrients into droplets

18
Q

White adipose

A

Stores large droplets of lipids as fat
Secretes hormones and inflammatory molecules
Majority of adipose in the human body

19
Q

Brown adipose

A

Produces heat
Packed with mitochondria and blood vessels
Found primarily in the neck and collarbone

20
Q

Neural tissue

A

Neurons + glial cells

Processes info

21
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that encode and conduct info as electrical signals

Release chemical signals to targets

22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signals

23
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide support functions for neurons

Don’t generate electrical signals

24
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a narrow range of stable conditions in an internal environment to allow optimal body functions despite changes in external conditions

25
Effectors
Molecules that effect changes in the internal environment
26
Set point
Reference point
27
Error signal
Difference between the set point and feedback information
28
Negative feedback
Effectors counteract error signals Most common Circular cycle
29
Positive feedback
Amplification of a response Increases deviation from a set point Push forward until it reaches a limit Out of control unless something else acts on it
30
Feedforward information
Change in the set point | Requires planning
31
Ectotherms
Organisms that rely on an external temp to determine their internal temp
32
Endotherms
Regulate temp through internal mechanisms | Most mammals
33
Heterotherms
A mixture of ectotherm and endotherm
34
Stable temperature
Heat in = heat out
35
Metabolism
Chemical reactions that break down and synthesize molecules Cause an increase in heat Contracting muscles and brown adipose increase this
36
Exogenous pyrogens
Foreign substances | Ex. bacteria or viruses
37
Endogenous pyrogens
Produced by active immune cells in response to an infection