Ch 5 Flashcards by Isabella Vannavong

Architectural proteins

Help package dna into chromosome

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Small genomes composed of

Mostly of protein coding and rna coding sequences

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Small genome found in

Viruses archaea bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes

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Large genomes found in what organisms

Multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes

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Large genome is most made of

Non coding DNA, introns, exons

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Nucleous

Main DNA organelle

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Eukaryotic have - chromosomes

Multiple

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Nucleosome

DNA wrapped around histones

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Core histone

Small, positive, basic proteins, two dimers of H3/H4, H2B and H2A

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Linker histone

Larger, positive, basic, H1 and H5

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The amount of histones in a nucleosome

9 (8 core, 1 linker)

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Most eukaryotics package genome with

Histones

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bp wrapped around histones

146 (180 total)

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C terminal end functions

Extend histone fold domain, histone-histone interactions, histone dna interactions

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N terminal tails features

Lysine and arginine rich, post translational mods cite

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Condensin

Promote dna interactions and define shape of chromosome

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Condensing ratio

10,000

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Chromosome composed of

One linear double stranded molecule of DNA

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Centromere

Where the sister chromatids connect

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Cohesins

Holds sis chromotids togethet

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Ki67

Protien, coats chromosome to make them repel each other

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CENP A

Special histone, epigenetically define the position of the centromere

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Kinetochore

Spindles attach

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Meta centric telomeres

Middle

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Acrocentric

Near end

Telocentric

On the end

Topologically associating domain

Chromosome areas that interact with each other to regulate DNA expression

Levels of gene regulation

1 regulatory elements 2 chromatin 3 chromosome position/ nuclear architecture

C value paradox

size of genome does not equal complexity

Intergenic dna

(60% in people) DNA between genes, Unique copy number,highly repetitive, interspersed elements (transposable)

Gene and regulatory gene sequences amount in human

40%

Endosymbiosis hypothesis

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from primitive free living bacterial organisms

homoplasmy

Genetics/ organelles from only material gamete (mitochondria)

Mitochondrial DNA

Encodes enzymes for ATP production, autophagy, apoptosis, mutations lead to genetic diseases

Lever hereditary optic neuropathy

Mitochondrial disease, early onset blindness

Chloroplast genome

cpDNA, compact, no histomes, minimal genes, dsDNA

Mitochondria genome

MtDNA, compact, no histomes, minimal genes, dsDNA

Intercompartmental/Lateral gene transfer

happens to mitochondria chloroplast, nucleus

Bacterial nucleoid

Circular dna molecule, no histones, mosaic, cations and covalent bonds present, histone-like

Plasmid

Small, ds, circular or linear

Virus and bacteriophage genome

Ds or ss and circular or linear, no histones

Metagenomics

Sequencing entire populations genomes

Mammalian DNA viruses

Infect mammalian cells for replication

two types of genomes

small bacteria (<10 Mb), unicellular eukaryotes (<20 Mb) large multicellular, unicellular eukaryotes (>100 Mb)

10-11 nm fiber

represents the nucleosome, where DNA wraps around core histones 10 nanometers in diameter, can fold into 30 nm

DNA is bound to the histone core via

ionic reactions

Beads-on-a-string

Beads represent DNA wrapped around the histone core octamer. String represents the DNA double helix

eukaryotic exceptions to histones

Dinoflagellate small basic non-histone proteins. Sperm DNA, basic proteins protamine

prokaryotic DNA packing

chromosome, no histones

30 nm fiber

packed tight asf, arranged in zig zag or sulelinoid

loop domains

Further compaction of the DNA into loops that contain 50-100 kb of DNA

metacentric

centromere in center

Acrocentric

near end of telomere but not quite

telocentric

on end to telomere

chromosomal territories

where the chromosome resides int he nucleus, its location effects it ability to replicate

TAD

contribute to the regulation of gene expression by restricting interactions of cis-regulatory sequences to their target genes.

c value

amount of DNA in genome

-% Is intergenic DNA in humans

types of intergenic DNA

unique DNA, repetitive DNA, tandem repeats, satellites, yuh

-% Is gene and gene regulatory DNA in humans

Heteroplasmy

describes the situation in which two or more mtDNA variants exist within the same cell

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy is caused by

Mutation of mitochondrial genes

common bacterial viruses

Bacteriophage lamda (double-stranded linear genome) *M13 (single-stranded circular genome)

common mammalian viruses

– Human papilloma virus (circular, double-stranded) – Simian virus 40 (circular, double-stranded) – Adenovirus (linear, double-stranded)

Ch 5 Flashcards

(64 cards)