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Molecular Genetics > Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Architectural proteins

A

Help package dna into chromosome

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2
Q

Small genomes composed of

A

Mostly of protein coding and rna coding sequences

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3
Q

Small genome found in

A

Viruses archaea bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes

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4
Q

Large genomes found in what organisms

A

Multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes

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5
Q

Large genome is most made of

A

Non coding DNA, introns, exons

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6
Q

Nucleous

A

Main DNA organelle

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7
Q

Eukaryotic have - chromosomes

A

Multiple

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8
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histones

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9
Q

Core histone

A

Small, positive, basic proteins, two dimers of H3/H4, H2B and H2A

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10
Q

Linker histone

A

Larger, positive, basic, H1 and H5

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11
Q

The amount of histones in a nucleosome

A

9 (8 core, 1 linker)

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12
Q

Most eukaryotics package genome with

A

Histones

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13
Q
  • bp wrapped around histones
A

146 (180 total)

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14
Q

C terminal end functions

A

Extend histone fold domain, histone-histone interactions, histone dna interactions

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15
Q

N terminal tails features

A

Lysine and arginine rich, post translational mods cite

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16
Q

Condensin

A

Promote dna interactions and define shape of chromosome

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17
Q

Condensing ratio

A

10,000

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18
Q

Chromosome composed of

A

One linear double stranded molecule of DNA

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19
Q

Centromere

A

Where the sister chromatids connect

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20
Q

Cohesins

A

Holds sis chromotids togethet

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21
Q

Ki67

A

Protien, coats chromosome to make them repel each other

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22
Q

CENP A

A

Special histone, epigenetically define the position of the centromere

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23
Q

Kinetochore

A

Spindles attach

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24
Q

Meta centric telomeres

A

Middle

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25
Q

Acrocentric

A

Near end

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26
Q

Telocentric

A

On the end

27
Q

Topologically associating domain

A

Chromosome areas that interact with each other to regulate DNA expression

28
Q

Levels of gene regulation

A

1 regulatory elements
2 chromatin
3 chromosome position/ nuclear architecture

29
Q

C value paradox

A

size of genome does not equal complexity

30
Q

Intergenic dna

A

(60% in people) DNA between genes,
Unique copy number,highly repetitive, interspersed elements (transposable)

31
Q

Gene and regulatory gene sequences amount in human

A

40%

32
Q

Endosymbiosis hypothesis

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from primitive free living bacterial organisms

33
Q

homoplasmy

A

Genetics/ organelles from only material gamete (mitochondria)

34
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Encodes enzymes for ATP production, autophagy, apoptosis, mutations lead to genetic diseases

35
Q

Lever hereditary optic neuropathy

A

Mitochondrial disease, early onset blindness

36
Q

Chloroplast genome

A

cpDNA, compact, no histomes, minimal genes, dsDNA

37
Q

Mitochondria genome

A

MtDNA, compact, no histomes, minimal genes, dsDNA

38
Q

Intercompartmental/Lateral gene transfer

A

happens to mitochondria chloroplast, nucleus

39
Q

Bacterial nucleoid

A

Circular dna molecule, no histones, mosaic, cations and covalent bonds present, histone-like

40
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, ds, circular or linear

41
Q

Virus and bacteriophage genome

A

Ds or ss and circular or linear, no histones

42
Q

Metagenomics

A

Sequencing entire populations genomes

43
Q

Mammalian DNA viruses

A

Infect mammalian cells for replication

44
Q

two types of genomes

A

small bacteria (<10 Mb), unicellular eukaryotes (<20 Mb)
large multicellular,
unicellular eukaryotes (>100 Mb)

45
Q

10-11 nm fiber

A

represents the nucleosome, where DNA wraps around core histones 10 nanometers in diameter, can fold into 30 nm

46
Q

DNA is bound to the
histone core via

A

ionic reactions

47
Q

Beads-on-a-string

A

Beads represent DNA wrapped around the histone
core octamer.
String represents the DNA double helix

48
Q

eukaryotic exceptions to histones

A

Dinoflagellate small basic non-histone proteins.
Sperm DNA, basic proteins protamine

49
Q

prokaryotic DNA packing

A

chromosome, no histones

50
Q

30 nm fiber

A

packed tight asf, arranged in zig zag or sulelinoid

51
Q

loop domains

A

Further compaction of the DNA into loops that
contain 50-100 kb of DNA

52
Q

metacentric

A

centromere in center

53
Q

Acrocentric

A

near end of telomere but not quite

54
Q

telocentric

A

on end to telomere

55
Q

chromosomal territories

A

where the chromosome resides int he nucleus, its location effects it ability to replicate

56
Q

TAD

A

contribute to the regulation of gene expression by restricting interactions of cis-regulatory sequences to their target genes.

57
Q

c value

A

amount of DNA in genome

58
Q

-% Is intergenic DNA in humans

A

60

59
Q

types of intergenic DNA

A

unique DNA, repetitive DNA, tandem repeats, satellites, yuh

60
Q

-% Is gene and gene regulatory DNA in humans

A

40

61
Q

Heteroplasmy

A

describes the situation in which two or more mtDNA variants exist within the same cell

62
Q

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy is caused by

A

Mutation of mitochondrial genes

63
Q

common bacterial viruses

A

Bacteriophage lamda (double-stranded linear genome)
*M13 (single-stranded circular genome)

64
Q

common mammalian viruses

A

– Human papilloma virus (circular, double-stranded)
– Simian virus 40 (circular, double-stranded)
– Adenovirus (linear, double-stranded)

Molecular Genetics (13 decks)

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