ch 10

Question 1

Lyon hypothesis/ dosage compensation

Answer 1

ermmmm extra XS and shit

Question 2

Barr body

Answer 2

randomly turns off an X chromosome

Question 3

x chromo inactivation controlled by

Answer 3

-upregulation expression of XIST and Jpx (2 lincRNA)
-down regualating Six
-histone mods

Question 4

how x chromo deactivation works

Answer 4

XIST coast histone/ proteins to make it tight
poly II is excluded

Question 5

is there mono allelic expression of all x linked gene

Answer 5

no
psudoautosomal regions expressed and maybe outside of this one too (25%)

Question 6

transposable elements

Answer 6

move about the genome
a lot in bacteria plants and animals
selfish DNA

Question 7

prevents transposition

Answer 7

methylated cytosine

Question 8

barbara mcclintock

Answer 8

mobile genetic elements in corn

Question 9

retrotransposons and types

Answer 9

RNA intermediate
LTR (long terminal repeat) and Non LTR

Question 10

DNA transposons

Answer 10

DNA intermediate

Question 11

DNA transposons moves by

Answer 11

cut and paste, need diverted terminal repeats, transposase

leaves a little DNA behind

Question 12

retrotransposon I moves by

Answer 12

copy and paste,
LTR at both ends
non LTR- has poly A sequence at 3’ end

Question 13

non LTR retrotransposons include

Answer 13

LINEs
SINEs(short)- nonautonomous, 21% of human genome, active ALU

Question 14

LINEs

Answer 14

long, autonomous, 21% of human genome, L1 element, seconds RNA binding protein, encodes endonuclease and reverse transcriptase

Question 15

SINEs

Answer 15

(short)- nonautonomous, 21% of human genome, active ALU, does no make enzymes

Question 16

silencing transposons

Answer 16

methylation, heterochromatin formation mediated by RNAi and RNA directed DNA methylation, PIWI interacting RNA

Question 17

epigenetic

Answer 17

heritable chasing in gene expression that occur with out a change in the primary DNA sequence of an organism

Question 18

epigenome

Answer 18

chemical modification of genome. DNA mod and post translation mods of histones

Question 19

epigenetic change causes

Answer 19

aging, development, behavior, environment, infection, cancer

Question 20

intergeneration epigenetic inheritance caused by

Answer 20

mom nutrition, behavior during/before pregnancy, fathers nutrition/ behavior

Question 21

epigenetic markers

Answer 21

modifications of chromatin structure (DNA methylation), histone modifications

Question 22

major DNA mod in plants and animals

Answer 22

methylation of cytosine

Question 23

major type of DNA modification in bacteria

Answer 23

methylation of adenine

Question 24

methylation

Answer 24

blocks proteins that attach to DNA, silences

Question 25

CpG in mammals

Answer 25

70-80%

Question 26

most common methylation location

Answer 26

in transposable elements or repetitive sequences

Question 27

most common methylation location exceptions

Answer 27

CpG islands

Question 28

CpG islands

Answer 28

in promoters of housekeeper genes, near 5' end of gene, to protect from methylation

Question 29

deamination

Answer 29

mutations of 5-methylcytosine

Question 30

gene dosage

Answer 30

number of cops of a gene in genome

Question 31

monoallelic expression

Answer 31

gene transcribed preferentially form a single allele in each cell

Question 32

random monallelic expression examples

Answer 32

immune system and olfactory nurons

Question 33

genomic imprinting

Answer 33

selection of active allele based on parent origin

Question 34

how many imprinted genes are in mammals

Answer 34

200

Question 35

imprinted gene defects are associated with

Answer 35

defects

Question 36

imprinting control region

Answer 36

methylation/ not methylated single or a group of imprinted genes

Question 37

epigenetic methods

Answer 37

* DNA Methylation * Histone Modifications * Non-coding RNAs

Question 38

epigenetic purpose

Answer 38

* Gene Expression Control * Monoallelic expression * Gene Imprinting * X-inactivation – Dosage compensation * Stop transposable element movement

Question 39

Barbara McClintock’s contributio

Answer 39

corn lady, discovered the shit

Question 40

Silencing Transposons

Answer 40

methylation, Histone modifications, RNA interference (RNAi) – Heterochromatic small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐ – PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA)