ch14-evolution

Question 1

how you view the world around you

Answer 1

Worldview

Question 2

The philosophy of materialism is actually a ____

Answer 2

faith

Question 3

the belief that all living things originated from one organism/have a common ancestor

Answer 3

Evolution

Question 4

credited with the acceptance of evolution

Answer 4

Charles Darwin

Question 5

the voyage Darwin went on observing rainforests, unusual land formations, and other natural wonders that were new to him; collecting strange animals from oceans, shores, and rivers; and taking painstaking notes on all his observations

Answer 5

Beagle

Question 6

Principles of Geology

Answer 6

Charles Lyell

Question 7

the idea that the present is the only key to the past and that all things continue by natural processes at the same rates as they always have (Charles Lyell)

Answer 7

Uniformitarianism

Question 8

strongly opposed Darwinism and developed mathematical and scientific refutations of evolution

Answer 8

James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Kelvin

Question 8

Variety within kinds has ____ boundaries

Answer 8

definite

Question 9

Darwin’s ideas of evolution in coherent form; “One long argument”

Answer 9

The Origin of Species

Question 10

the idea that the strongest and fittest of each species are more likely to survive and reproduce than the weaker

Answer 10

Natural selection

Question 11

Christian American botanist

Answer 11

Asa Gray

Question 12

Many scientists devoted their energies to the task of trying to prove Darwin’s ideas

Answer 12

Many scientists devoted their energies to the task of trying to prove Darwin’s ideas

Question 13

“Father of Communism” ;was thrilled with Darwin’s speculations and wanted to dedicate his own book Das Kapital to Darwin (Darwin declined)

Answer 13

Karl Marx

Question 14

sought to improve the human species by selectively breeding humans to produce a “master race”

Answer 14

Eugenics

Question 15

changes in kinds over time

Answer 15

Evolution

Question 16

changes within a particular kind of organism

Answer 16

Speciation (also called Microevolution)

Question 17

the hypothetical process by which new kinds of creatures emerge from existing kinds over time

Answer 17

Macroevolution; has never been observed in nature

Question 18

the study of fossils

Answer 18

Paleontology

Question 19

fossils that connect one kind of organism with another kind by a series of tiny steps; “missing links”

Answer 19

Transitional forms

Question 20

true or false: “No true, unquestionable transitional forms or “missing links” have ever been found to bridge the gaps between different kinds of organisms.”

Answer 20

true

Question 21

new organisms came about through the constant, gradual accumulation of small changes

Answer 21

Punctuated equilibrium hypothesis

Question 22

straightforward evolutionary progression from “primitive” organisms deep in the earth’s crust to more “modern” organisms nearer the surface; occurs NOWHERE in the world

Answer 22

Geologic column

Question 23

using fossils to date rock

Answer 23

Index fossils

Question 24

basing an argument on the fact that the premise of the argument is true

Answer 24

Circular reasoning

Question 25

lend credence to the ancient dates used in the geologic column

Answer 25

Radiometric dating

Question 26

sudden appearance of life in the fossil record

Answer 26

Cambrian explosion (just what we would expect if life were divinely created)

Question 27

fish with fins that are attached to the body by thick, fleshy lobes that allow the fins to be more freely rotated

Answer 27

Coelacanth

Question 28

often presented as an evolutionary link between dinosaurs and modern birds

Answer 28

Archaeopteryx

Question 29

speculating that Eohippus /Hyracotherium evolved through a series of stages into the modern-day horse, Equus

Answer 29

Horse series

Question 30

three issues of horse series

Answer 30

1. Located in different areas of the globe 2. Ancestors living in the same time/ buried in the same rock layer 3. Currently living members of the horse kind vary greatly in size and other characteristics

Question 31

Darwin pointed out similarities between man and “other animals” and came to the false conclusion that man is simply the most evolved form of animal

Answer 31

*The Descent of Man*

Question 32

The most important difference between man and ape

Answer 32

Man is created in the image of God

Question 33

fossil consisted of a fragmented but clearly human-like skull, along with an ape-like jaw; a hoax

Answer 33

Piltdown man

Question 34

“reconstructed” from a single tooth of an extinct pig

Answer 34

Nebraska man

Question 35

similar to modern orangutans

Answer 35

Ramapithecus

Question 36

Taung skull

Answer 36

Australopithecus africanus

Question 37

found a skull broken into 400 different pieces; extinct ape

Answer 37

Australopithecus boisei

Question 38

originally based on a chimpanzee-sized fossil nicknamed “Lucy.”

Answer 38

Australopithecus afarensis

Question 39

actually a type of australopithecine; mix, 100% ape 100% human

Answer 39

Homo habilis

Question 40

“upright ape-man”; volcano eruption

Answer 40

Java man

Question 41

fossils were unearthed in China near the city of Beijing (Peking)

Answer 41

Peking man

Question 42

identical to modern humans; found in cave

Answer 42

Cro-Magnon man

Question 43

“upright man”

Answer 43

Homo erectus

Question 44

artificially stooped posture to make them seem “subhuman.”

Answer 44

Neanderthal man

Question 45

evidence against evolution

Answer 45

Bat wings Amphibian egg to reptile egg The bird respiratory system

Question 46

looks at certain organs and how they function

Answer 46

Comparative anatomy

Question 47

discovered Comparative anatomy

Answer 47

Cuvier

Question 48

true or false: Bodies of man and animals have certain basic similarities in their overall designs

Answer 48

true

Question 49

refers to similarities among organisms designed for the same environment but different

Answer 49

analogy

Question 50

the science that seeks to discover how the mechanisms of living cells work

Answer 50

Molecular biology

Question 50

refers to similar organs that are also similar in internal structure

Answer 50

Homology

Question 51

remarked that if we were to spot a rock lying on the ground in a deserted place, we might assume that the rock had come to be there by the processes of nature Genetics: the scientific study of heredity

Answer 51

William Paley

Question 52

True or false: Darwin assumed that the characteristics of a given plant or animal change randomly from generation to generation

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Austrian monk that was uncovering the true nature of genetics and heredity

Answer 53

Gregor Mendel

Question 54

True or false: Variety within kinds generally results from preexisting genetic variety

Answer 54

true

Question 55

random errors in an organism's genetic material

Answer 55

Mutations

Question 56

responsible for mutation theory

Answer 56

Hugo de Vries

Question 57

true or false: The overwhelming majority of mutations are detrimental to the organism

Answer 57

true

Question 58

true or false: Natural selection does help to reveal latent genetic variety within a kind

Answer 58

true

Question 59

breeding within a small, isolated group

Answer 59

Inbreeding

Question 60

moths blending into trees??

Answer 60

Peppered moth

Question 61

reproducing bacteria

Answer 61

Bacterial proliferation

Question 62

embryos run their evolutions in the womb

Answer 62

Embryonic recapitulation

Question 63

developed the hypothesis of embryonic recapitulation

Answer 63

Ernst Haeckel

Question 64

In order to support Haeckel's views, he deliberately ____ the pictures of certain embryos

Answer 64

falsified