Ch.3 Pathology + Imaging Flashcards
1
Q
ankylosis means
A
loss/absence of mobility in a joint due to disease/injury/surg. procedure
2
Q
mobility means
A
being capable of movement
3
Q
what is adhesive capsulitis? give alt. name
A
frozen shoulder 🥶 ; painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming
4
Q
arthrosclerosis is
A
stiffness of joints usually in elderly 👴
5
Q
what is a bakers cyst ? give alt. name
A
popliteal cyst; fluid filled sac behind the knee 🤢
6
Q
what is bakers cyst caused by ?
A
RA triggering excess synovial fluid
7
Q
who is bakers cyst named after ?
A
William Baker 👨🍳
8
Q
bursitis is
A
inflammation of a bursa
9
Q
chondromalacia is
A
ab. softening of cartilage
10
Q
costochondritis is
A
inflammation of the cartilage that connects rib 2 sternum
11
Q
hallux vagus is.. and give alt. name
A
bunion; ab. enlargement of joint at base of the toe 🦶
12
Q
what does hallux and vagus mean in latin
A
big toe, bent
13
Q
what is hemarthrosis
A
blood within a joint
14
Q
what causes hemarthrosis (3)
A
1) joint injury 2) pts. taking blood thinners 3) hemophilia/clotting disorders
15
Q
polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is
A
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints, characterized by pain/stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs
16
Q
what does rheumatism mean
A
arthritis and other disorders causing pain in joints and surrounding tissue
17
Q
how does a sprain happen
A
when a ligament that connects bones 🦴 is torn/wrenched
18
Q
what is synovitis
A
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling/pain of affected joint
19
Q
what can synovitis be caused by (4)
A
arthritis, trauma, infection, irritation by dam. cart.
20
Q
what is a dislocation + give alt.
A
total displacement of bone from its joint LUXATION
21
Q
what is subluxation
A
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
22
Q
what does arthritis mean
A
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
23
Q
how many types of arthritis are there
A
100
24
Q
osteoarthritis is most commonly associated with..
A
aging
25
OA is a ______ joint disease because..
degenerative; wearing away of articular cartilage
26
what is OA characterized by ?
hypertrophy and formation of osteophytes
27
what are osteophytes
bone spurs
28
what is spondylosis +give alt.
spinal osteoarthritis; deg. disorder that causes loss of spinal structure and fxn.
29
what is gout +give alt.
gouty arthritis; type of arthritis that is characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints (usually big toe lol) 😂
30
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is
chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints /other bod. organs are attacked
31
what happens as RA progressively attacks the synovial membranes?
causes joints to be swollen, painful, immobile
32
what is ankylosing spondylitis
form of RA that causes inflammation of joints btwn vertebrae
33
what does ankylosing mean
progressive stiffening of joint/joints
34
chronic inflammatory back disorders are called
spondylarthopathies
35
what is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
autoimmune disorder that affects 16 yrs and younger
36
symptoms of JRA? (7)
stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slow growth, fatigue
37
do kids with JRA outgrow it?
ya
38
what is a herniated disk + give alt.
slipped or ruptured disk; breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots 🦴
39
what is lumbago + give alt.
lower back pain; pain of the lumbar region of the spine
40
-ago meaning?
diseased condition
41
what is spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra/sacrum below it
42
-listhesis meaning ?
slippin
43
what is spina bifida
congenital defect during earl. pregnancy when spinal canal fails 2 close completely around spinal word
44
what does bifida mean
split
45
causes of spina bifida?
lack of folic acid
46
what is kyphosis + give alt. name
humpback, dowager's hump; ab. increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
47
lordosis means + give. alt name
SwAyBaCk; ab. increase in forward curve. of lumb spine
48
scoliosis is
ab. lateral curvature of the spine
49
avascular necrosis is +give alt.
osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death 💀 due to insufficient blood 🩸 flow
50
where does avascular necrosis most frequently occur and wut do they need
hip joint; hip replacement
51
what is craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
52
what is osteitis + alt. spelling
ostitis; inflammation of a bone 🦴
53
what is osteomalacia + alt. name
adult rickets; ab. softening of bones in adults
54
what is osteomalacia caused by
low vit. D, Ca, or PO4
55
what is osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow + adj. bone
56
the _____ that causes osteomyelitis originates .. and ....
bacterial infection; another pt of the body; spreads to bone via blood 🩸
57
wat is paget's Disease and who is it named after
ab. breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine, legs, and ab. bone formation; sir James Paget
58
what is periostitis and what is it associated w
inflammation of the periosteum; shin splints
59
what is Rickets
def. ideas in kids 🧒 by lack of vit. D for Ca and P levels for bones
60
is Rickets increasing?
ya
61
what is short stature + alt. name
dwarfism; failure of bones/limbs to grow to an app. length
62
____ conditions can cause short stature
200
63
the height for short stature (adults) is
no more than 4 ft 10 in.
64
what do adults w short stature prefer to be called lol
lil ppl
65
what is talipes + alt. name
clubfoot; congenital deformity involving the talus
66
what is primary bone cancer + give Ex and peak incidence
malignant tumor that origin. in bone 🦴; Ewing's sarcoma begins in upper arms, legs, pelvis, ribs; 10-20 yrs old
67
what is secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs
68
what is a myeloma
cancer that is in blood-making cells of red bone marrow
69
what is an osteochondroma + alt. name
benign bony projection covered w cartilage; exostosis pl. is exostoses
70
what is osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity ass. w aging
71
what is osteopenia
thinner than average bone density, high risk for osteoporosis
72
risk factors for osteopenia
aging, smoking, drinking, lack of ca, low cal. intake of females
73
alt. name for compression Fx, and how does it happen, effects?
vertebral crush Fx, spontaneous or injury; pain, loss of height, dev.of dowager's hump
74
who is colles' fx named after +alt. name
Abraham colles; fractured wrist
75
name osteoporosis related Fxs
compression, colles, osteoporotic hip fx
76
name curvatures of the spine
kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
77
what is a osteoporotic hip fx + alt. name
broken hip; weakening of bones cuz of osteoporosis spontanous/injury
78
complications of osteoporotic hip fx? (4)
loss of fxn, mobility, indepdence, death 💀
79
what does osteoporotic mean
pertaining to/caused by porous conditions of the bones 🦴
80
alt. name for Fx?
broken bone
81
what is a closed Fx + alt. name
simple fx/complete fx; bone is broken but no open wound in skin
82
what is an open fracture + alt name
compound fx; bone broken and open wound in skin
83
comminuted fx is
bone is splintered/crushed into small pieces (what comminuted means)
84
what is a greenstick fx + alt name and in whom is it most common
incomplete fx; bone is bent and partially broken; kids 🧒
85
what is an oblique fx
angle across bone 🦴
86
what is a pathologic fx and why
weakened bone breaks under norm strain bc of osteoporosis or cancer
87
what is a spiral fx + common cause
bone twisted apart; sports injury
88
what is a stress fx, common cause?
overuse injury and small crack in bone; chronic excessive impact
89
what is a transverse fx
straight across bone 🦴
90
what is a fat embolus
long bone Fx and fat cells from yellow BM > bl.
91
what is an embolus
any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can be lodged and block bl. vessel
92
what is crepitation +alt. name
crepitus; grating sounds when ends of broken bone move 2gether
93
what is a callus (2 defs.)
bulging deposit around area of break; thickening of skin caused by repeated rubbing
94
what is a radiograph + alt
x-ray; x-radtion to visualize bone fx and ab.
95
what is an arthroscopy and what does it use
visual examination of internal structure of a joint; arthroscope
96
what is a bone marrow Bx
diagnostic test necessary after ab. types or # of RBC/WBC are found in CBC
97
what is a bone marrow aspiration and 4 what
syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow; for Dx purposes or 2 collect for stem cell transplant.
98
what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is it good 4 bones?
technique for soft tissue structures; not
99
name 2 other diagnostic procedures?
bone scans, arthrocentesis
100
name 7 diagnostic procedures used
x-ray, arthroscopy, bone marrow bx, bone marrow aspiration, MRI, bone scans, arthrocentesis
101
what is ultrasonic bone density testing
sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone for osteoporosis
102
what is dual-x-ray absorptiometry for, is it accurate
low exposure radiographic measurement of spine/hips to measure bone 🦴density; ya
103
what is a bone marrow transplant (BMT)
bone marrow stem cells transfused into recipient's bl
104
what happens in a BMT
healthy BM go to spongy bone to form cancer free red bone marrow
105
what is an allogenic bone marrow transplant + is there a risk?
healthy BM cells from compatible donor; ya unless perfect
106
what is an autologous bone marrow transplant
pt. receives own BM cells after harvested, cleansed, treated, stored
107
what does autologous mean
originating within indv.
108
what is an orthotic + 3 ex
mech. device to control/correct/compensate for impaired limb fxn; shoe insert, leg brace, splint
109
what is a prosthesis
substitute for diseased/missing body pt.
110
what is arthrodesis + alt. name and why
surgical ankylosis; surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen joint; tx of severe arthritis/damaged joint
111
what is arthrolysis
surgical loosing of an ankylosed joint
112
second meaning of -lysis?
breaking down/destruction and pathologic change/therapeutic procedure
113
what is arthroscopic surgery
minimally invasive procedure for tx of interior of joint
114
what is a chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage
115
what is a synovectomy +give ex of use
surg. removal of synovial membrane. from joint; repair joint damage by RA
116
what is an arthroplasty
surg. repair of a damaged joint
117
what is an implant
joint replacement that is a prosthesis
118
what is a TKR; alt name
all pts. of knees replaced; total knee arthroplasty
119
what is a PKR
pt. of knee replaced 🦵
120
what is a THR + alt. name
total hip arthroplasty; plastic lining in acetabulum to restore smooth surface and head of femur removed and replaced w metal ball
121
what is hip resurfacing
alt. to removing head of femur by placing metal cap over head of femur 4 smooth movement
122
what is revision surgery
replacement of worn/failed implant
123
what is a percutaneous diskectomy and what is it 4
thin tube through back skin to suction out ruptured disk/vaporize w laser ⚡️; herniated intervertebral disk
124
percutaneous means
performed thru the skin
125
what is a percutaneous vertebroplasty and what for
osteoporosis-related compression Fx; minimally invasive procedure and bone cement injected 💉 to stabilize compression fx
126
what is a laminectomy
surg. removal of a lamina/post. portion of vertebra
127
what is a spinal fusion
technique to immobilize pt of spine by joining together (fusing) 2 or more vertebrae
128
what is a craniectomy and why
surg removal of pt of skull ; relive intracranial pressure
129
what is intracranial pressure
amt of pressure in skull 💀
130
what is a craniotomy and why
surg incision into the skull; access 2 brain for surg. procedures
131
what is a cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull 💀
132
what is osteoclasis
surgical fx of a bone to correct a deformity
133
what is an osteoectomy
surg. removal of a bone 🦴
134
what is an osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing of bones 🦴
135
what is an osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone to remove pt. of bone
136
what is a periosteotomy
surg. incision through periosteum> bone
137
what is a closed reduction+ alt.
manipulation; realignment of bone in fx/dislocation by pushing back to anatomical alignment by force 🗿
138
what is an open reduction and why
if closed reduction doesn't work ; surg procedure to realign
139
what is immobalization + alt. name
holding/suturing or fastening of bone 🦴in fixed pos. w strapping or cast
140
what is traction
pulling fore on limb in distal direction to put back in norm. alignment
141
ext. fixation is
tx procedure in which pins through soft tissue to hold pieces bone 2gether
142
wha tis internal fixation + alt
open red. internal fixation (ORIF) Fx Tx plate and pins directly into bones to keep in place
