Ch.5 Cardiology: Pathology Flashcards
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1
Q
disorders of the heart can be _____ or ____
A
congenital; develop at any time throughout life
2
Q
1 cause of death in US
A
heart disease
3
Q
def
Congenital heart defects
A
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.
4
Q
def
congenital
A
means present at birth.
5
Q
fill
congenital heart defects can be ____ at birth or found _____
A
present; later in life
6
Q
def
coronary artery disease
A
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to heart muscle
7
Q
alt
other names for coronary artery disease
A
coronary heart disease; ischemic heart disease
8
Q
cause
what does CAD cause
A
insuffi- cient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death.
9
Q
q
most common type of heart disease?
A
CAD
10
Q
q
what is end stage CAD characterized by
A
unrelenting angina pain and a severely limited lifestyle.
11
Q
def
atherosclerosis
A
ardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cho- lesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
12
Q
q
where is plaque found
A
lumen of an artery
13
Q
def
plaque
A
fatty deposit
14
Q
def
lumen
A
opening within BV through which blood flows
15
Q
fill
plaque can ____ outward into the _____ from ____
where can it ____ inward?
A
protude; lumen;wall of BV
protrude inward of BV
16
Q
def
atheroma
A
a character- istic of atherosclerosis, is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
17
Q
def
ischemia
A
a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
18
Q
def
isch
A
to hold back
19
Q
def
cardiac ischemia
A
the lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.
20
Q
def
angina
A
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
21
Q
alt.
angina
A
angina pectoris
22
Q
q
causes of angina?
A
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
23
Q
def
stable angina
A
occurs during exertion (exercise) and resolves with rest.
24
Q
def
unstable angina
A
may occur either during exertion or rest and is a precursor to a myocardial infarction.
25
# process
progression of CAD>MI?
1. normal artery with open lumen
2. small atheroma, elevated cholesterol and blood fats
3. enlarging atheroma
4. moderate atherosclerotic narrowing of lumen
5. moderate myocardial ischemia
6. angina pectoris
7. complete occlusion due to Ca deposit
8. severe acute myocardial ischemia and infarction
26
# def+alt
myocardial infarction
occlu-sion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.
| heart attack
27
# def
infarction
a sudden insufficiency of blood.
28
# def
infarct
a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.
29
# def
tissue death
necrosis
30
# fill
damage to myocardium impairs _____
the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body
31
# cause
damage to cerebral arteries causes
stroke
32
# cause
damage to carotid arteries causes
stroke
33
# cause
damage to aorta causes
aneurysm
34
# cause (2)
damage to coronary arteries causes
angina, MI
35
# cause
damage to renal arteries causes
hypertension
36
# cause
damage to iliac arteries causes
peripheral vascular disease
37
# cause
damage to femoral arteries causes
peripheral vascular disease
38
# cause
damage to tibial arteries causes
peripheral vascular disease
39
# q
most frequent Sx's of MI
pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to the back, jaw, or left arm.
40
# fill
individuals having a heart attack may have ____ or ____
mild symptoms; none at all
41
# q
atypical symptoms of MI in women
weakness and fatigue
42
# def+why and in whom
heart failure
lso referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues.
43
# cause
heart failure causes
heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion.
44
# def
congestion
fluid buildup
45
# causes
left-sided heart failure
an accumulation of fluid in the lungs also known as **pulmonary edema**
46
# cause
why does pulmonary edema occur
left side of the heart, which is its main pumping chamber, is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body; increase in pressure = localized fl. accumulation
47
# causes
right-sided heart failure
fluid buildup through- out the rest of the body.
48
# cause
why does right sided heart failure occur
left-sided heart failure
49
# cause
why does fl. buildup occur for right sided heart failure and where
heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body. this edema, or swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and legs.
50
# def + assn. with what and why
cardiomegaly
the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
51
# def
carditis
inflammation of the heart
52
# q
types of carditis
endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis
53
# def
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
54
# def
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the linng or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
| bacteria from bleeding during dental surgery> bloodstream
55
# def
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
56
# causes
pericarditis causes
accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac> restricts the movement of the heart, reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.
57
# def
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle) that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infectio
58
# def
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
59
# def
dilated myopathy
disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly
| slow progression, Sx only when advanced
60
# def
dilation
expansion of a hollow structure
61
# def
heart murmur
an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neigh- boring large blood vessels.
62
# cause
cause of heart murmurs
defective heart valves
| usually no surgery
63
# def
valvulitis
an inflammation of a heart valve
64
# def
valvular prolapse
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
65
# def
prolapse
the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
| named for affected valve (ex: mitral valve prolapse)
66
# def
valvular stenosis
narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.
| named for affected valve (ex: aortic stenosis)
67
# def
arrhythmia
loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.
| minor, temporary, fatal
68
# q
severity of arrhythmia depends on
how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised.
69
# q
arrhythmias are usually bc of ab. in
electrical conduction system
70
# def+ alt
asystole
flat line;** complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.** The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body
| certifies death
## Footnote
systole = contraction
71
# def
cardiac arrest
the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.
72
# fill
sudden cardiac death results when
reatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes.
73
# def
heart block
ongenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.
74
# def
bradycardia
normally slow resting heart rate
75
# q
bradycardia is applied to heart rate of
less than 60 bpm
76
# q
how can bradycardia occur
the passage of electricity from top to bot- tom of the heart is partially or totally blocked
77
# def
tachycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart rate
78
# q
tachycardia is applied to a heart rate of
over 100 bpm
79
# def+alt.
supraventricular tachycardia
**paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia**; epi- sode that during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the (AV) node
80
# def. alt
ventricular tachycardia
V-tach; very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
81
# q
why can V-tach be fatal
heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body.
82
# q
how can V-tach be controlled
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
83
# def
fibrillation
a potentially life-threatening fast and **irregular **heartbeat
84
# def+alt
atrial fibrillation
A-fib, is the most common type of tachy- cardia; normal rhythmic contractions of atria replaced by rapid/uncontrolled twitching of heart wall
85
# causes
a-fib causes
irregular and quivering action of the atria
86
# fill
some of impulses from a-fib can __________ and _______
reach the ventricles ; produce irregular heartbeat of 80-180 bpm
87
# def+alt
ventricular fibrillation
v-fib; rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles
| quivers ineffectively
88
# q
v-fib can cause...
sudden cardiac deaths
89
# def+assn.
palpitation
pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm.
| associated w **heart disorders + panic attacks**
90
# def
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood vessel
91
# q
types of vasculitis?
angiitis, arteritis, phlebitis
92
# def+occurrance
polyarteritis
vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
| rare but serious, occurs when immune cells attack affected arteries
93
# def+alt.
temporal arteritis
giant cell arteritis; is a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms.
94
# q
how is temporal arteritis diagnosed
Bx shows presence of abnormally large cells
95
# q
what can temporal arteritis cause
unilateral or bilateral blindness, and more rarely, a stroke.
96
# def
angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
97
# def
hemangioma
benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
98
# def
hypoperfusion
a defi- ciency of blood passing through an organ or body part.
99
# def
perfusion
low of blood through the vessels of an organ.
100
# def
aneurysm
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.
| named for artery involved
101
# fill
an aneurysm is fatal bc of _____
rapid loss of blood
102
# ex
3 examples of types of aneurysms
1. aortic aneurysm
2. abdominal aortic aneurysm
3. popliteal aneurysm
103
# def+alt
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries; is any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
104
# def
arteriostenosis
abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
105
# def+alt
chronic venous insufficiency
venous insufficiency; is a condition in which venous circula- tion is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves.
106
# q
what is primarily affected by chronic venous insufficiency
feet and ankles
| also causes discoloration of skin
107
# def+alt and why
phlebitis
thrombophlebitis;
inflammation of a vein. called thromobphlebitis bc walls of vein are infiltrated and a clot is formed
108
# q
where does phlebitis usually occur
superificial vein
109
# def and usually where?
varicose veins
bnor- mally swollen veins that usually occur in the superfi- cial veins of the legs.
110
# cause
what causes varicose veins
veins do not function properly, so blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge.
111
# def
thrombosis
| pl. thromboses
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
112
# def
thrombus
| pl. thrombi
blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
113
# def
thrombotic occlusion
blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
114
# def
thrombotic
caused by a thrombus
115
# def
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
116
# def
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.
117
# q
example of how a thrombus can form
legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car.
118
# def
embolism
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
| named for causative factor/location
119
# q
examples of types of embolisms
air,fat, pulmonary
120
# def
embolus
foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood
121
# def
embol-
something inserted
122
# def
peripheral vascular diseases
isorders of blood ves- sels that are located outside of the heart and brain. These conditions usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the **legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys.**
123
# def+alt
peripheral arterial disease
| PAD
peripheral arterial occlusive disease;
| peripheral vas- cular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis.
124
# fill
PAD is common and affects ____ of all pts over ____ of age
>20%; 70 yrs
125
# def
ankle-brachial index
way of determining PAD severity to compare ankle BP with arm BP
126
# assn.
what is PAD associated with
intermittent claudication
127
# def
raynaud's disease
PAD in which intermittent attacks are caused by cold/stress
128
# def
pallor
paleness
129
# def
cyanosis
blue color
130
# q
Sx of Raynaud's disease
| caused by constricted circulation
pallor (pale- ness), cyanosis (blue color), and redness of the fingers and toes.
131
# def
blood dyscrasia
pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
132
# def+alt
hemochromatosis
iron overload disease; genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
133
# def
chromat
color
134
# fill
excess iron from hemochromatosis enters ____ and accumulates in ____ where is causes ________
bloodstream;organs;damage
135
# def+alt
leukopenia
decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulat- ing in the blood
| **low WBC count**
136
# q
risk of leukopenia is
developing/having difficulty fighting infections
137
# def
polycythemia
abnor- mal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow.
138
# def+alt (2)
sepsis
septicemia; blood poisoning; potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream.
139
# q
sepsis can cause damage to (and why)
multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.
140
# def
thrombocytopenia
condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
141
# assn.
thrombocytopenia
ab. bleeding
142
# def
thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
143
# def
hemorrhage
loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
144
# def
transfusion reaction
severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.
145
# def
cholesterol
fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.
146
# q
cholesterol aids in production of (3)
1. cell membranes
2. hormones
3. vitamin D
147
# fill
cholesterol comes from ____ or ____
dietary sources; liver
148
# q
total cholesterol is measured in
measured in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) of blood.
149
# q
desirable/borderline/high levels for total cholesterol
1. < 200 mg/dL
2. 200-239 mg/dL
3. > 240 mg/dL
150
# q and alt
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) does what
bad cholesterol; excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.
151
# q
optimal/near optimal/borderline high/high/very high for LDL
1. < 100 mg/dL
2. 100-129 mg/dL
3. 130-159 mg/dL
4. 160-189 mg/dL
5. > 190 mg/dL
152
# q+alt
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) does what
good cholesterol; carries uneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing and doesnt cause plaque buildup
153
# q
low/high HDL
1. < 40 mg/dL
2. > 60 mg/dL
154
# def
triglycerides
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.
155
# q
norma/borderline high/high/very high for triglycerides
1. < 150 mg/dL
2. 150-199 mg/dL
3. 200-499 mg/dL
4. > 500 mg/dL
156
# def
hyperlipidemia
term for elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances
157
# def
myelodysplastic syndrome
cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
158
# q
myelodysplastic syndrome can lead to
acute myeloid leukemia
159
# def
leukemia
| named by how quickly they progress + type
cancer char- acterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in ** blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood**
160
# qex
4 most common types of leukemia
1. acute myeloid leukemia
2. chronic myeloid leukemia
3. acute lymphoblastic leukemia
4. chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
161
# def+causes what?
anemia
lower-than-normal num- ber of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood causing fatigue and SOB
162
# q
how is severity of anemia measured
amt. of hemoglobin in the blood
163
# q
what happens when there is inadequate hemoglobin
all parts of the body receive less oxygen and have less energy than is needed to function properly.
164
# def
aplastic anemia
absence of **all **formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
| anemia,leukopenia,thrombocytopenia
165
# q
thrombocytopenia results in bleeding from ________ and _______
mucous membranes and skin
166
# def
iron-deficiency anemia
most common form of anemia
167
# q
how is iron normally obtained
thru food intake and recycling iron from RBC
168
# q
what happens with iron deficiency
bl. cant carry oxygen effectively
169
# def+caused by
megaloblastic anemia
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
| deficiency of folic acid or B12
170
# def
pernicious anemia
by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract
171
# q
vitamin B12 is necessary for?
forming RBC
172
# def
hemolytic anemia
nadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
173
# def
hemolytic
pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of red blood cells
174
# q
2 most common types of hemolytic anemia
sickle cell; thalassemia
175
# def
sickle cell anemia
causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells> abnormal sickle shape which interferes with normal blood flow and causes damage
176
# def
thalassemia
inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.
177
# def/alt
hypertension
| HTN
high blood pressure; is the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
178
# def/alt (2)
essential hypertension
primary; idiopathic; consistently elevated BP of unknown cause
179
# def
seconary hypertension
caused by a different medical problem (ex: kidney disorder)
180
# def
malignant hypertension
very high blood pressure.
181
# assn.
malignant hypertension
damage of brain, optic nerves, heart/kidney failure
182
# def+ Sx
hypotension
ower-than-normal arterial blood pressure
| dizziness, light-headedness, fainting
183
# def/alt
orthostatic hypotension
postural hypotension; low BP when standing up
184
# def
orthostatic
relating to an upright or standing position.
185
# q
normal BP?
less than 120/ less than 80
186
# q
prehypertension?
btwn 120-139/ btwn 80-89
187
# q
stage 1 hypertension
btwn 140-159/90-99
188
# q
stage 2 hypertension
>160/>100
