Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
ankyl/o
A
crooked, bent, stiff
2
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
3
Q
burs/o
A
bursa
4
Q
chondr/I, chondr/o
A
cartilage
5
Q
cost/o
A
rib
6
Q
crani/o
A
skull
7
Q
-desis
A
to bind, tie together
8
Q
kyph/o
A
bent, hump
9
Q
lord/o
A
curve, swayback, bent
10
Q
-lysis
A
loosening or setting free
11
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord, bone marrow
12
Q
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
A
bone
13
Q
scoli/o
A
curved, bent
14
Q
spondyl/o
A
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
15
Q
synovi/o, synov/o
A
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
16
Q
ossification
A
process in which the skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone
17
Q
osteoblasts
A
rebuild bone
18
Q
osteoclasts
A
break down old/damaged bone
19
Q
periosteum
A
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
20
Q
compact bone (cortical)
A
dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. (75% of bone matter)
21
Q
spongy bone (cancellous)
A
red bone marrow located, sponge like and lighter than compact
22
Q
medullary cavity
A
stores yellow and red bone marrow
23
Q
medullary means
A
pertaining to the inner section
24
Q
endosteum
A
tissue that lines medullary cavity
25
red bone marrow
hemopoietic tissue that makes RBC, WBC, thrombocytes, hemoglobin
26
hemopoietic means
pertaining to formation of RBC
27
yellow bone marrow is
a fat storage area, mainly fat cells (RED> YELLOW bone marrow)
28
cartilage is
smooth rubbery connective tissue that acts as shock absorber btwn bones (skeleton, outer ear, tip of nose)
29
articular cartilage ....
covers surfaces of bones where they come together (articulate) to make smooth joint movement and prevents bones from rubbing
30
meniscus
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (knee, TMJ)
31
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
32
epiphyses
wider ends of long bones covered w articular cartilage (proximal and distal)
33
foramen (pl. foramina)
opening in bone where blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
34
foramen magnum
spinal cord passes through, in occipital bone
35
process
normal projection on surface of a bone for attachment of muscle or tendon
36
mastoid process
bony projection located on temporal bones behind the ears
37
joints are also called
articulations
38
fibrous joints are
inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together.
39
what are fibrous joints in adults called?
sutures
40
fontanelles are
soft spots on skull of newborn
41
Cartilaginous joints are
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
42
what does the pubic symphysis do?
allows for movement in childbirth
43
synovial joints are created ...
where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
44
2 types of synovial joints?
ball and socket joint; hinge joint
45
3 components of synovial joints?
synovial capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid
46
synovial capsule is
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
47
synovial membrane is
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
48
synovial fluid is
acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
49
ligaments are
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
50
the bursa is
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
51
typical human adult has how many bones? what is range?
206 bones, 206 to 350
52
axial skeleton is separated into which parts ? (5)
(1) the bones of the skull; (2) the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear; (3) the hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid; (4) the rib cage; and (5) the vertebral column.
53
upper extremities are
shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
54
lower extremities are
hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
55
what is an appendage?
is anything that is attached to a major part of the body
56
what does appendicular mean?
relating to an appendage
57
An extremity is...
is the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg
58
how many bones does the skull consist of? (explain division of bones)
28 bones: 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear
59
what is the cranium ?
portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
60
what are cranial bones joined by?
sutures
61
frontal bones
the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.
62
parietal bones
two of
the largest bones of 💀 they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
63
occipital bone
form back of 💀 and base of cranium
64
temporal bones
sides and base of cranium
65
sphenoid bone
irregular wedge shaped bone at the base of 💀 makes contact w other cranial bones + forms base+ sides of 💀+floors/sides of eye sockets
66
ethmoid bone
light spongy 🦴 at roof and sides of 👃; separates nasal cavity from brain and forms portion of each orbit 👁️
67
orbit
boney socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball 👁️
68
auditory ossicles are (name)
3 tiny bones in each middle ear 👂 : malleus, incus, stapes
69
sinuses are..
air-filled cavities in bones
70
purpose of sinuses?
lighten the weight of the skull 💀
71
nasal bones form.. (and how many?)
2; upper part of bridge of nose 👃
72
zygomatic bones do.. (and how many?)
2; cheekbones!! articulate w the frontal bone that makes forehead 🧑🦲
73
maxillary bones do what? (and how many)
2; form most of upper jaw also known as maxillae
74
palatine bones do what (how many?)
2; anterior part of hard palate of the mouth 👄 and floor of nose 👃
75
lacrimal bones do what? (how many?)
2; part of orbit at the inner angle 👁️
76
inferior conchae do what? (how many?)
2; thin bones that form part of the interior of the nose
77
vomer bone forms...
base of the nasal septum 👃
78
mandible is..
JAWBONE; only movable bone of the skull 💀
79
what is the mandible joined to?
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
80
what does the thoracic cavity consist of? (3)
ribs, sternum, upper portion of spinal column from neck>diaphragm
81
true ribs are... and what do they do?
the first seven pairs of ribs; attach anteriorly to sternum
82
false ribs are... and what do they do?
next 3 pairs of ribs; attach anteriorly to cartilage that > sternum
83
floating ribs are... what what do they do?
last 2 pairs; attach posteriorly to vertebrae
84
sternum is divided into which parts? (3)
manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus), xiphoid process
85
manubrium is
bony structure the is upper portion of sternum
86
gladiolus is
bony structure that forms middle portion of sternum
87
xiphoid process is
cartilage structure that forms the lower portion go sternum
88
the shoulders form what?
the pectoral girdle/shoulder girdle
89
girdle means
structure that encircles the body
90
clavicle is ..
collar bone that connections to manubrium to the scapula
91
scapula is..
shoulder blade
92
acromion is ..
extension of scapula that forms high point of shoulder
93
the humerus is..
bone of upper arm 💪
94
radius is
smaller and shorter bone of forearm +THUMB side
95
ulna is
larger+longer bone of forearm+PINKY side
96
the proximal end of the ulna does what?
articulates w distal end of humerus> elbow joint !
97
olecranon process is..
FUNNY 😄 bone 🦴; large projection on upper end of ulna+ forms elbow and exposes a nerve hence tingle hehe
98
carpals are.. (and how many?)
8 bones; form the wrist and form bony passage called carpal tunnel
99
metacarpals are.. (and how many)
5; form palms of hand
100
phalanges are.. (how many?)
14; fingers/toes
101
each of the 4 fingers has ___ bones which are ...
3; distal, middle, proximal
102
thumb has how many bones? what are they?
2; distal and proximal
103
spinal column does what?
also called vertebral column; protects spinal cord and supports head
104
how many vertebrae in spinal cord?
26
105
anterior portion of the vertebra is called
body of the vertebra
106
posterior portion of vertebra is called
lamina
107
vertebral foramen is
opening in middle of vertebra where spinal cord goes thru
107
transverse and spinous processes do what?
attach to muscles/tendons
108
intervertebral disks are
cartilage disks that separate + cushion vertebrae from each other
109
cervical vertebrae are the ..... vertebrae and they form ...
first seven ; form the neck (c1-c7)
110
thoracic vertebrae are the .... vertebrae and they form..
second set of 12 (t1-t12) and attached to ribs to form outward curve of spine
111
lumbar vertebrae are... and they form...
third set of 5; (L1-L5) form the inward curve of the lower spine
112
largest and strongest vertebrae are?
lumbar
113
the sacrum is ..
slightly curved triangular shapes bone near base of spine+forms lower portion of back
114
at birth the sacrum is ... bones. then they..
5; fuse into 1 bone
115
the coccyx is
TAILBONE; end of spine and made up of 4 FUSED vertebrae
116
pelvis (bony pelvis) does what?
protects internal organs and supports lower extremities
117
what does the pelvis include
ilium, ischium, pubis (PELVIC GIRDLE)
118
the ilium is
broad bone that forms back and sides of pubic bone 🦴
119
the sacroiliac is
slightly movable articulation btwn sacrum and post. port. of ilium
120
ischium is
posterior port. of pubic bone 🦴 and bears wt. of body when sitting 🪑
121
pubis is
anterior port. of pubic bone below urinary bladder
122
at birth the ilium, ischium, pubis are.. and then they form..
3 separate; form left and right pubic bones
123
how are the ilium, ischium, and pubis held together
pubic symphysis
124
symphysis means
place where 2 bones closely joined
125
pubic symphysis is
cartilaginous joint that united L and R pubic bones + SLIGHT movement
126
the acetabulum is..
HIP SOCKET, circular cavity in each side of pelvis that articulates w head of femur to make hip 🦛 joint
127
the femurs are
largest bones in the body
128
femoral means
pertaining to the femur
129
the femoral neck is
narrow area below head of femur 🦴
130
patella is
KNEECAP; bony anterior portion of the knee
131
popliteal means
posterior space behind knee
132
cruciate ligaments do what?
(anterior and posterior) make knee movement possible
133
tibia is
SHINBONE; larger anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg 🦵
134
fibula is
smaller of two bones of leg 🦵
135
each ankle is made of ___ ____
7; tarsals
136
malleolus is
rounded bony projection on tibia+fibula
137
talus is
ankle bone that articulates w tibia and fibula
138
calcaneus is
heel bone; LARGEST tarsal bone 🦴
139
the foot is composed of ___ ____
5 metatarsals
140
phalanges are
bones of toes 🦶
141
big toe has how many phalanges?
2
142
a chiropractor has what degree and what do they do
doctor of chiropractic; manipulative treatment of disorders in spine
143
manipulative treatment means
manually adjusting positions of bones 🦴
144
orthopedic surgeon does what
physician who specializes in Dx, Tx diseases involving bones/joints/muslces
145
osteopath has what degree and what do they do
doctor of osteopathy (DO); traditional medical tx and spinal manipulation
146
podiatrist has what degree and what do they do
doctor of podiatry (DP) or doctor or podiatric medicine (DPM) dx and tx disorders of foot 🦶
147
rheumatologist does what
physician who specializes in Tx of arthritis and disorders caused by inflammation in joints and connective tiss
148
BDT means
bone density testing
149
CR means
closed reduction
150
Fx means
fracture
151
OP means
osteoporosis
152
PKR means
partial knee replacement
153
PMR means
polymyalgia rheumatica
154
RA means
rheumatoid arthritis
155
THA means
total hip arthroplasty
156
TKA means
total knee arthroplasty
