Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
aden/o
A
gland
2
Q
adip/o
A
fat
3
Q
anter/o
A
before, front
4
Q
caud/o
A
lower part of the body, tail
5
Q
cephal/o
A
head
6
Q
cyt/o, -cyte
A
cell
7
Q
end-, endo-
A
in, within, inside
8
Q
exo-
A
out of, outside, away from
9
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
10
Q
-ologist
A
specialist
11
Q
-ology
A
the science or study of
12
Q
path/o, -pathy
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
13
Q
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
A
development, growth, formation
14
Q
poster/o
A
behind, toward the back
15
Q
-stasis, -static
A
control, maintenance of a constant level
16
Q
anatomy
A
the study of the structures of the body
17
Q
physiology
A
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi= nature, physical; -ology= study of
18
Q
vertical plane
A
up-and-down plane
19
Q
sagittal plane
A
plane that divides the body into unequal left and right positions
20
Q
midsagittal plane
A
plane that divides the body into equal left and right positions
midline
21
Q
frontal plane
A
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
coronal plane, right angles to the sagittal plane
22
Q
transverse plane
A
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
waist or any other level
23
Q
ventral
A
front or belly side of the organ or body
opposite of dorsal
24
Q
dorsal
A
back of the organ or body
opposite of ventral
25
anterior
situated in the front or on the front/forward part of an organ
| opposite of posterior
26
superior
uppermost, above or toward the head
| opposite of inferior
27
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
| opposite of superior
28
cephalic
toward the head
29
caudal
lower part of the body, tail
30
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
| opposite of distal
31
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
| opposite of proximal
32
medial
toward or nearer the midline
| opposite of lateral
33
lateral
toward or nearer the side of the body
| opposite of medial
34
what does the dorsal cavity contain
the back of the body and head
35
cranial cavity
surrounds and protects the brain
36
spinal cavity
surrounds and protects the spinal cord
37
what does the ventral cavity contain?
body organs that sustain homeostatis
38
thoracic cavity
| chest cavity, thorax
surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
| diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
39
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
40
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal and pelvic as one unit
41
inguinal
relating to the groin
42
right and left hypochondriac regions
regions below the ribs
43
chondr/i
cartilage
44
epigastric region
located above the stomach
45
right and left lumbar regions
near the inward curve of the spine
46
lumb-
lower back
47
umbilical region
surrounds umbilicus (belly button)
48
right and left iliac regions
hear hip bones
49
ili-
hip bone
50
hypogastric region
below the stomach
51
quadrant
divided into four
52
peritoneum
membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abd. cavity
53
parietal peritoneum
outler layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abd. wall
54
parietal
cavity wall
55
mesentery
fused double layer of the peritoneum that attaches pts. of the intestine > abd. wall
56
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds organs of abd. cavity
57
visceral
relating to internal organs
58
retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
| ex: kidneys
59
cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
60
cytologist
specialist in the sttudy and analysis of cells
61
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds + protects the contents of the cell from ext. env.
62
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not pt. of the nucleus
63
nucleus
controls activities of the cell and helps cell divide
64
stem cells
unspecialized cells that can renew themselves by cell division
65
adult stem cells
| somatic stem cells
undifferentiated cells within a tissue/organ. primary role to maintain+repair tissue they are found in
66
hemopoietic
blood forming
67
graft vs. host disease
poor match btwn donor and recipient
68
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated stem cells that can form ANY adult cell
69
where do embryonic stem cells come from (2)?
cord blood or surplus embyros in vitro (test tube)
70
cystic fibrosis (CF)
| genetic
present @ birth, respiratory+digestive systems
71
down syndrome
| genetic
trisomy 21, sp. facial appearance, dev. delays, phys. ab.
72
hemophilia
| genetic
no blood clotting, spontaneous hemmorhages
73
Huntington's disease (HD)
| genetic
50/50 change, nerve degeneration
74
muscular dystrophy
| genetic
progressive muslc degeneration
75
phenylketonuria (PKU)
| genetic
phenylalanine hydroxylase missing
76
histology
study of structure, composition, fxns. of tissues
77
4 types of tissues?
nerve, epithelial, muscular, connective
| NEMC
78
epithelium
forms epidermis and layer of mucuous membranes
79
endothelium
lines blood, lymph vessels, body cav., glands, orgs.
80
connective tissue
support+connect orgs. & body tiss.
81
dense connective tissue
bone/cartilage
82
adipose connective tissue
(fat); padding, insulation, support
83
loose connective tissue
various orgs; nerve cells+blood vessels
84
liquid connective tissue
blood+lymph; transports nutrients & waste prod.
85
aplasia
defective dev./congenital ab. of organ or tissue
86
hypoplasia
incomplete dev. of organ/tiss. bc of low # cells
87
anaplasia
change in structure of cells/orientation
| ana=backwards
88
dysplasia
ab. dev. of cells/tissues/orgs.
89
hyperplasia
enlargement of orgs./tiss. bc high # cells
| different from hypertrophy
90
hypertrophy
increase bulk of body pt/org. not bc of high # cells; no tumor form.
91
gland
sp. epithelial cells that produce secretions
92
exocrine gland
chem. > ducts>>orgs/out of body
| sweat glands
93
endocrine glands
create hormones w/o ducts> dir. into bloddstream and orgs./struct.
94
aden/o
gland
95
adenoid
mass of lymphoid tissue @ posterior upper pharynx
| resembles glandular tissue
96
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
97
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor originated in glandular tissue
98
adenoma
benigh tumor that starts/resembles glandular tissue
99
adenomalacia
ab. soft. of a gland
100
adenosis
disease/condxn. of a gland
101
adenosclerosis
ab. hard. of a gland
102
adenectomy
surg. removal of a gland
103
organ
independent pt. of the body that performs sp. fxn.
104
pathology
study of all aspects of diseases
105
pathologist
physician that specializes in lab. analysis of diseas. tiss. samp. to confirm/establish Dx
106
etiology
study of causes of diseases
107
pathogen
disease prod. microorg.
108
transmission
spread of disease
109
contamination
presence of a pathogen
110
communicable disease
| contagious
person>person, thru indirect/direct contact
| measles
111
indirect contact transmission
susceptible person inf. thru contact w/ contam. surface
112
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease thru inf. bl./body fl. containing inf. blood
| HIV, Hep B, STDs
113
droplet transmission
large respiratory droplets thru cough/sneeze
| measles, cold, flu
114
airborne transmission
thru floating germs in the air
| TB, measles, chicken pox
115
food-borne and waterborne transmission
| fecal-oral
by eat/drink contam. food not treated to remove pathogens
116
vector borne transmission
bite of a vector (animal/flies/etc.)
| mosquitoes> malaria and West Nile
117
7 disease transmissions?
communicable, indirect contact, bloodborne, droplet, airborne, food-borne/waterborne, vector-borne
118
epidemiologist
specialist in studying outbrek of diseases within pop.
119
epidemic
SUDDEN widespread outbreak w/n pop.
| sudden outbreak of measles
120
endemic
ONGOING presence of disease w/n pop./group/area
| common cold
121
pandemic
outbreak over large geo. area or worldwide
| covid-19 pandemic
122
functional disorder
produces symptoms w/o identified phys./anat. cause
| panic attack
123
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response from prescription of med
| burns from radiation therapy
124
idiopathic disorder
illness w/o known cause
| fibromyalgia
125
infectious
illness from pathogenic orgs.
| hepatitis B
126
nosocomial infection
disease acquired in hospital/clinical setting
| MRSA
127
organic disorder
symptoms detectable by changes in body
| chicken pox
128
congenital disorder
ab. condition present @ birth
129
developmental disorder
| birth defect
malformation/anomaly @ birth
130
anomaly
deviation from norm
131
atresia
congenital abs. of normal body opening/failure of tubular structure
132
anal atresia
congenital abs. of opening of anus
133
pulmonary atresia
congenital abs. of pulmonary valve
134
prenatal influences
mother's health, behavior, prenatal care
135
what is rubella in infants caused by?
the mother has the infection
136
what is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) caused by?
mom has high consumption of alcohol
137
traits of FAS?
phys., behavioral, growth abn.; brain damage difficulty socializing
138
signs of lack of prenatal care
premature delivery, low birth weight
139
what is a premature birth defined as?
earlier than 37 weeks of delivery> srs health problems (heart/breathe)
140
birth injuries
congenital disorders not present b4 perinatal events
141
cerebral palsy
| birth injury
caused by brain damage; premature birth and low O2
142
geriatrics
| gerontology
study of med. problems and care of older ppl
143
post-mortem
after death
144
autopsy
examination done post-mortem
