Chapter 5: Cardiology Flashcards
does not include pathology (137 cards)
1
Q
angi/o
A
blood or lymph vessel
2
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
3
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
4
Q
ather/o
A
plaque, fatty substance
5
Q
brady-
A
slow
6
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
7
Q
-crasia
A
a mixture or blending
8
Q
-emia
A
blood, blood condition
9
Q
erythr/o
A
red
10
Q
hem/o, hemat/o
A
blood, relating to the blood
11
Q
leuk/o
A
white
12
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
13
Q
tachy-
A
fast, rapid
14
Q
thromb/o
A
clot
15
Q
ven/o
A
vein
16
Q
blood is a ____ tissue
A
fluid
17
Q
what are the 3 major structures of the cardiovascular system?
A
heart, blood vessels, blood
18
Q
what is the apex
A
lower tip of heart
19
Q
what is the pericardium + alt. name
A
pericardial sac, double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
20
Q
membranous means
A
pertaining to a membrane
21
Q
what is the parietal pericardium
A
fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the ❤️
22
Q
what is pericardial fluid
A
btwn pericardium and parietal pericardium that acts as a lubricant to prevent friction
23
Q
what is the visceral pericardium
A
inner layer of the pericardium but OUTER layer of the heart
24
Q
what is the visceral percicardium alt. name and why?
A
epicardium; when it is the outer layer of the ❤️
25
3 walls of the ❤️?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
26
epicardium is
ext. layer of the ❤️ and inner layer of the pericardium
27
myocardium is , + alt. name and explain
middle and thickest of ❤️ layers; myocardial muscle made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue
28
endocardium is + what is it made of
inner lining of the heart, made of epithelial tissue
29
the endocardium comes in _____________ with blood to _____
direct contact; pump though the heart
30
what supplies the myocardium?
coronary arteries
31
coronary arteries are
arterties that supply OXYGEN RICH blood to the myocardium
32
what do veins remove?
waste prods from myocardium
33
atria are
two upper chambers of heart
34
what separates atria
interarterial septum
35
atria are ____ chambers
RECEIVING (blood)
36
ventricles are
two lower chambers of the heart
37
what separates the ventricles
interventricular septum
38
why are the walls of ventricles thicker than atria?
they pump blood throughout whole body so more Work
39
second def. of ventricle?
normal hollow chamber of the brain
40
4 valves that control blood flow?
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, mitral valve, aortic semilunar
41
tricuspid valve does what and where
opening btwn right atrium and right ventricle (3 points/cusps)
42
pulmonary semilunar valve is where
btwn right ventricle and pulmonary artery
43
mitral valve is where + alt. name
btwn left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve
44
aortic semilunar valve is where
btwn left ventricle and aorta
45
what is the general flow of blood through diff. pts of heart?
RA (deo)>RV>LA(oxy)>LV
46
pulmonary circulation is
flow of blood only btwn heart and lungs
47
pulmonary arteries do what
carry deoxy bl. out of RV and into lungs
48
where is the only place in the body where deoxy. bl. is carried by arteries instead of veins?
pulmonary arteries
49
what happens in the lungs
CO2 from body is exchanged for O2 from inhaled air
50
pulmonary veins do what
carry oxygenated blood from lungs to LA
51
only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood?
pulmonary veins
52
systemic circulation means
flow of blood to all body pts. except lungs
53
oxygenated blood goes from ___ to ____
LV; arterial circulation
54
veins carry deoxy blood to____
RA
55
after RA, blood flows into ___
pulmonary circulation
56
heartbeat is
ability to pump bl. effectively throughout the body
57
contraction and relaxation must occur...
in exactly the correct sequence
58
electrical impulses are
impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium and chambers of the heart
59
what is in the conduction system
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His
60
sinoatrial node is where
posterior wall of RA near entrance of SVC
61
the SA node is also called the
natural pacemaker
62
impulses from SA..
start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart
63
the impulse in the RA causes what
it to spread across both atria > both contract at the same time and blood > ventricles
64
AV node is where
floor of the RA near interarterial septum
65
Bundle of His is what and where
group of fibers within inter ventricular system that carry electrical impulse to ensure heart contractions (R and L branches)
66
where do electrical impulses go from bundle of his
purkinje fibers
67
who are purkinje fibers named after and what do they do/where
Jan Purkyne; conductive fibers location within walls of the ventricles that causes ventricles of contract
68
contraction of the ventricles does what
forces blood out of heart and into aorta and pulmonary arteries
69
sinus rhythm is
normal beating of the heart
70
P wave is due to
stimulation of atria
71
QRS complex is due to
stimulation of the ventricles
72
T wave is due to
recovery of the ventricles
73
3 types of blood vessels are
arteries, capillaries, and veins
74
arteries are
large BV that carry blood from heart to all regions of the body
75
how many layers do arteries have and why
3; so they can expand and contract
76
endaarterial means
within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
77
arterial blood is
oxygen rich and bright red
78
aorta is and where
largest BV in body; LV to the heart and main trunk of arterial system
79
carotid arteries are
arteries that carry blood upward to headco
80
common carotid artery is where
each side of neck
81
what does the common carotid artery divide into and what does that do
internal carotid artery; O2 rich bl. to brain
82
external carotid artery does what
bl. to face
83
arterioles are
smaller branches of arteries that carry blood to capillaries flow of arterial bl. slows here
84
capillaries are..
smallest BV in body that form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver O2 and nutrients to tissues
85
what happens at capillaries
exchange of O2, nutrients, and waste materials
86
after leaving cells, ____ of this fluid is _____ and enters the ___
90%; oxygen poor and has waste products; opposite end of the capillary bed thru venues
87
___ of the fluid becomes
10%; lymph
88
veins do what
form a low pressure collecting system to return O2 poor bl. to heart
89
venules are
smallest veins that join to larger veins
90
walls of veins are ____ and less _____ than those of arteries
thinner; elastic
91
venous blood continues its flow at an ___ speed as it continues its return journey to heart
increased
92
veins have ____ that enable bl flow to only TOWARD the heart
valves
93
superficial veins are located
near body surface
94
deep veins are located
within tissues and away from body surface
95
venae cavae do what
largest veins in body; return blood into heart
96
superior vena vaca does what
transport blood from the upper potion of the body to the heart
97
inferior vena cava does what
transports blood from lower portion of body to heart
98
pulse is
rhythmic pressure against walls of artery caused by contraction of heart
99
blood pressure is
measurement of amt. of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against artery walls
100
systolic pressure occurs when
ventricles contract
101
systole means
contraction of the heart
102
diastolic pressure occurs hen
ventricles relax
103
diastole means
relaxation of the heart
104
blood is ___ plasma and____ formed elements
55%;45%
105
what is plasma and what does it contain
a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
106
plasma is ___ water and ____ what?
Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting proteins.
107
serum is
is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed.
108
fibrinogen and prothrombin are
clotting proteins found in plasma. They have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding.
109
what are the formed elements of the blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
110
what are erythrocytes +fxn.
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow ;trans- port oxygen to the tissues.
111
how is oxygen transported
hemoglobin
112
what is hemoglobin
is the oxygen-carrying blood pro- tein pigment of the erythrocytes
113
-globin means
protein
114
what are leukocytes + fxn
white blood cells (WBCs), are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and for- eign substances
115
types of WBC?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
116
what are neutrophils + fxn
most common type of WBC. Through phagocytosis, neutrophils play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
117
what is phagocytosis
process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them.
118
what are basophils + fxn
least common type of WBC. Basophils are responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies.
119
what are eosinophils + fxn
formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions.
120
what are lymphocytes + fxn
red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, and in the spleen. Lympho- cytes identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them.
121
what are monocytes + fxn
ormed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. Through phagocytosis, monocytes provide immu- nological defenses against many infectious orgs
122
what are thrombocytes
platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clot- ting of blood
123
what happens to thrombocytes when BV is damaged
thrombocytes are activated and become sticky.
124
what happens when thrombocytes are sticky
they form a clot to stop bleeding
125
how are blood types classified
presence or absence of certain antigens.
126
what is an antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
127
Rh factor is (not def.)
+/-
128
4 major blood types are
A, AB, B, O
129
what is Rh factor (def.)
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
130
___ percent of Americans have Rh antigen (positive)
85
131
____ percent of Americans do not have Rh antigen (negative)
15
132
why is Rh an important consideration
for blood transfusions
133
how can Rh factor cause difficulties
when an Rh-positive infant is born to an Rh-negative mother
134
what are the 3 major blood gases
oxygen O2, carbon dioxide CO2, and nitrogen N2
135
what is a cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
136
what is a hematologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormali- ties, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood- forming tissues
137
what is a vascular surgeon
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.
