Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the characteristics of parasite lifestyles?

Answer 1

harbored and nourished by host, cause damage and disease in the host

Question 2

What is phylogeny?

Answer 2

The taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things

Question 3

What does it mean to say bacteria are ubiquitous?

Answer 3

They are found everywhere and in all environmental conditions

Question 4

What is nomenclature?

Answer 4

The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

Question 5

What does eukary mean?

Answer 5

True nucleus

Question 6

What are the levels of classification, from most general to most specific?

Answer 6

Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 7

What is the definition of sterile?

Answer 7

Completely free of all life forms including spores and virus particles

Question 8

What is bioremediation?

Answer 8

Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or. lean up toxic pollutants

Question 9

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 9

Using general principles to explain scientific observations

Question 10

What contributions did Ferdinand Cohn make to microbiology?

Answer 10

Discovered and described bacterial endospores

Question 11

What term is used to refer to older diseases?

Answer 11

Reemerging

Question 12

What contributions did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis make to microbiology?

Answer 12

Showed that infections could be spread by doctors who did not wash their hands

Question 13

What does the environmental microbiology branch deal with?

Answer 13

Effects of microbes on the earth’s diverse habitats

Question 14

What are the official terms for organisms studied under the area of microbiology?

Answer 14

Microorganisms or microbes

Question 15

What contributions did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek make in microbiology?

Answer 15

Fashioned crude microscopes and made drawings of “animalcules”

Question 16

What were the five kingdoms recognized in the old classification system?

Answer 16

Plants, animals, protista, monera, and fungi

Question 17

What is microbiology?

Answer 17

The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Question 18

What is evolution?

Answer 18

The accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

Question 19

What does the agricultural microbiology branch deal with?

Answer 19

Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

Question 20

What are the terms for cells with no true nuclei?

Answer 20

Prokaryotes or akaryotes

Question 21

What is the definition of a communicable disease?

Answer 21

Any disease that can be spread between organisms (human to human, animal to human, etc)

Question 22

What contributions did John Tyndall make to microbiology?

Answer 22

Discovered that microbes in dust and air have high heat resistance

Question 23

What is identification?

Answer 23

Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized or named and placed in a taxonomic scheme

Question 24

What contributions did Robert Koch make to microbiology?

Answer 24

Linked a specific organism with a specific disease

Question 25

What contributions did Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes make to microbiology?

Answer 25

First observed that women giving birth at home suffered fewer infections than women who gave birth in hospitals

Question 26

What is the definition of an infectious disease?

Answer 26

Any disease that is caused by a microbe

Question 27

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

Answer 27

Combination of the genus name and species name to identify an organism

Question 28

How do modern microscopes differ from Leeuwenhoek's original microscopes?

Answer 28

More refined lenses, condenser, finer focusing, built in light sources

Question 29

Which major group of microorganisms is technically not a microorganism?

Answer 29

Helminths

Question 30

What is biotechnology?

Answer 30

Manipulation of microbes to make products in an industrial setting

Question 31

What are the six major groups of microorganisms?

Answer 31

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, prions, and helminths

Question 32

What term is used to refer to new diseases?

Answer 32

Emerging

Question 33

What contributions did Robert Hooke make in microbiology?

Answer 33

Had some of the first observations of microbes in the 1600s

Question 34

What does the industrial microbiology branch deal with?

Answer 34

Safeguarding food and water and using biotechnology to form microbes that can create wanted substances

Question 35

What contributions did Joseph Lister make to microbiology?

Answer 35

First to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals

Question 36

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 36

The first form of photosynthesis developed by bacteria that did not produce oxygen as a product

Question 37

What does prokary mean?

Answer 37

No true nucleus

Question 38

What does the public health microbiology and epidemiology branch deal with?

Answer 38

Monitoring and controlling the spread of diseases

Question 39

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 39

Tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured

Question 40

What is a pathogen?

Answer 40

any agent that causes disease

Question 41

What are the characteristics of microorganism lifestyles?

Answer 41

soil or water habitats, relatively harmless or beneficial, derive food and other factors from nonliving environment

Question 42

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 42

Process of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific cases

Question 43

What are the attributes of microorganisms that microbiologists study?

Answer 43

Cell structure and function, growth and physiology, genetics, taxonomy and evolutionary history, and interactions with the living and nonliving environment

Question 44

What makes microbes difficult to study?

Answer 44

They cannot be seen directly and must be analyzed using indirect methods and microscopes

Question 45

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 45

Collection of techniques that allow for genetic material to be transferred between organisms in order to deliberately alter DNA

Question 46

What are the general characteristics of bacterial and archaeal cells?

Answer 46

About 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack organelles

Question 47

What does the medical microbiology branch deal with?

Answer 47

Microbes that cause disease in humans and animals

Question 48

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 48

Manipulation of the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and GMOs

Question 49

What is the term for cells with true nuclei?

Answer 49

Eukaryotes

Question 50

What are some of the ancient uses for microorganisms?

Answer 50

Yeast for bread, wine, and beer production, fungi for cheese production, moldy bread for wound treatment

Question 51

What is taxonomy?

Answer 51

The science of classifying biological species

Question 52

What makes microbes easy to study?

Answer 52

They reproduce rapidly and large populations can be grown in a lab setting

Question 53

What is classification?

Answer 53

Orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa

Question 54

What does the immunology branch deal with?

Answer 54

The role of the immune system in various diseases and the protective substances and cells produced in response to infection

Question 55

What are the three domains recognized in the new classification system?

Answer 55

Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

Question 56

What is the scientific method?

Answer 56

General approach taken by scientists to explain natural phenomena

Question 57

What percentage of earth's oxygenic photosynthesis is performed by microbes?

Answer 57

70%

Question 58

What is decomposition?

Answer 58

The breakdown of dead matter and wastes