Chapter 19 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What is the main virulence factor of T. brucei?

It has the ability to switch surface antigens, thus evading host-produced antibodies

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What two drugs are used to treat trypanosomiasis?

Suramin and pentamidine

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What is poliomyelitis?

acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis

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What are the initial symptoms of polio?

fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, myalgia

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What genus is poliovirus in?

Enterovirus

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What are the diagnostic methods for botulism?

Identifying a common food source among sick patients; cultivating C. botulinum, identifying C. botulinum in serum or wound

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How can Listeriosis be diagnosed?

cold enrichment, ELISA testing, immunofluorescence testing, nucleic acid sequencing

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What is Haemophilus influenzae?

A gram-negative coccobacillus that causes one of the most severe forms of human meningitis

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What are the two protozoans that cause meningoencephalitis?

Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba

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What are the characteristics of Acanthamoeba?

large, amoeboid trophozoite, spiny psuedopods, double-walled cyst

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What is rabies?

A slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by fatal encephalitis

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What is botulism?

An intoxication associated with eating poorly preserved foods; can also occur as a true infection

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What condition is caused by the JC virus in individuals with AIDS?

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

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What is Cryptococcus neoformans?

A fungus that causes a more chronic form of meningitis with a more gradual onset of symptoms

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What is encephalitis?

Inflammation of the brain

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What typically causes acute encephalitis?

viral infection

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What are the neurological signs associated with “furious” rabies?

agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia

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How are arboviruses diagnosed?

Serum analysis and knowledge of patient’s travel history

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What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A gram-positive bacterium that ranges in morphology from coccobacilli to palisade formations and causes Listeriosis

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How is meningitis caused by meningococcus differentiated from meningitis caused by pneumococcus?

Meningococcus causes petechiae; pneumococcus does not

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How is CJD diagnosed?

Examination of biopsied brain or nervous tissue

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What are the characteristics of N. fowleri?

small, flask-shaped amoeba with single, broad psuedopod; forms a rounded, thick-walled cyst

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What diseases are caused by prions?

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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How is polio diagnosed?

Cell cultures

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How can C. neoformans be diagnosed?

negative staining, rapid tests

What are the symptoms of Zika virus in infants?

Microencephaly, vision problems, involuntary movements, seizures, irritability

How is T. brucei diagnosed?

Readily visible in blood smears, spinal fluid, and lymph nodes; serological tests

How is coccidioidomycosis diagnosed?

Observation of spherules in bodily fluids, CSF, and biopsies

What family is the Rabies virus in?

Rhabdoviridae

What type of microorganism causes the most severe forms of acute meningitis?

Bacteria

Which organism is responsible for the most serious form of acute meningitis?

Neisseria meningitidis/Meningococcus

How is N. meningitidis spread?

Through close contact with secretions or droplets

What are the signs/symptoms of meningococcemia?

Vascular collapse, hemorrhage, and petechiae

What are the characteristics of Clostridium tetani?

gram-positive, endospore-forming bacillus

What are the characteristics of S. pneumoniae?

Small, gram-positive, flattened coccus; appears end-to-end in pairs; produces an alpha-hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide

What is the portal of entry for N. meningitidis?

Upper respiratory tract

What is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis?

Direct fluorescent antibody testing

What is the recommended treatment for pneumococcal meningitis?

Vancomycin and ceftriaxone

How does botulinum toxin cause muscle paralysis?

It prevents the release of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that initiates the signal for muscle contraction

What is another name for tetanus?

lockjaw

What are the signs of CJD?

Altered behavior, memory loss, dementia, impaired senses, delirium, premature senility

What are the main symptoms of infant botulism?

Weak sucking action, generalized loss of tone, respiratory complications

How are arboviruses that cause encephalitis transmitted to humans?

Via vectors that feed on blood

What is tetanospasmin?

exotoxin released by C. tetani that blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction; muscles contract uncontrollably

What are prions?

Proteinaceous infectious particles that do not contain genetic material

What are the most effective drugs for treating Toxoplasmosis?

pyrimethamine, leucovorin, sulfadiazine

How does Cronobacter sakazakii cause neonatal meningitis?

Through contaminated powder formula

How is meningitis diagnosed?

Gram stain and/or culture examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the main causative agent of bacterial pneumonias?

Streptococcus pneumoniae/Pneumococcus

What are the characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis?

Gram-negative, diplococci lined up side by side

What are the initial symptoms of rabies?

Fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue

What are the main signs/symptoms of acute encephalitis?

behavior changes/confusion due to inflammation, decreased consciousness, seizures, possible meningitis symptoms

What are the three major forms of botulism?

Food-borne, infant, and wound

What is meningitis?

An inflammation of the meninges that is caused by many different microorganisms

What is the morphology of Coccidioides?

moist brown or white colony with abundant, branching hyphae; fragment into arthroconidia at maturity; at warmer temperatures, germinant into a spherical cell called a spherule

How does the rabies virus appear microscopically?

Bullet-shaped

Which type of viruses are responsible for the majority of viral meningitis cases?

Enteroviruses

What is Trypanosoma brucei?

A member of the protozoan group hemoflagellates that causes African Sleeping Sickness/trypanosomiasis

What are the symptoms of Zika virus in adults?

skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain

What is Toxoplasma gondii?

A flagellated parasite that tends to cause thrill-seeking behaviors in infected patients

What are the typical signs/symptoms of meningitis?

Photophobia, headache, painful/stiff neck, fever, increased WBCs in CSF

What are the two most common serotypes of H. influenzae?

Hib and Hia

What are the neuromuscular symptoms of botulism?

double vision, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, muscular paralysis, respiratory compromise

What are the signs/symptoms associated with arbovirus infections?

Coma, convulsions, paralysis, tremors, loss of coordination, memory deficits, changes in speech/personality, heart disorders

What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis?

intermittent fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, personality and behavior changes, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness, nighttime sleeplessness, muscular tremors, shifting gait, slurred speech, seizures, local paralysis

What are the most common symptoms of meningitis caused by C. neoformans?

Headache, nausea, neck stiffness

Why is viral meningitis called aseptic meningitis?

Because no bacteria or fungi are found in the CSF

What is post-polio syndrome?

A condition that occurs after the initial infection with polio that results in progressive muscle deterioration

What are the neurological signs associated with "dumb" rabies?

paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous

What vector spreads trypanosomiasis?

Tsetse fly

What is botulinum toxin?

an exotoxin produced by C. botulinum that causes flaccid muscle paralysis

How are prions spread?

direct and indirect contact with infected brain tissue or CSF

What drugs are used to treat cryptococcosis?

amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole

What family is the Zika virus in?

RNA virus family Flavivirus

What is a primary chancre?

The sore that forms at the site of a tsetse fly bite as the trypanosome multiplies within its new host

How is T. gondii diagnosed?

serological tests, culture, histological analysis

What is the most common cause of subacute encephalitis?

the protozoan Toxoplasma

What is bulbar poliomyelitis?

A complication of polio in which the brain stem, medulla, and cranial nerves are affected

What are the three most common causes of neonate/infant meningitis?

S. agalactiae, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes

What conditions favor Coccidioides?

High carbon and salt content in a semiarid, hot climate

What are the two components of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What family is poliovirus in?

Picornaviridae

What genus is the Rabies virus in?

Lyssavirus

What are the three important functions of the nervous system?

Sensory, integrative, and motor

Chapter 19 Flashcards

(84 cards)