Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MICRB 201 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is an infection?

A

A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What constitutes the pathologic state?

A
  1. Cumulative effects of infection damage
  2. Disruption of tissues and organs
  3. Results in disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Any deviation from health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What factors cause disease?

A

Infections, genetics, aging, malfunctions of systems or organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Disruption of tissues/organs caused by microbes or their products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are normal biota?

A

Large and diverse collection of microbes living on and in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What diseases can be influenced by differences in the gut microbiome?

A

Crohn’s, obesity, heart disease, asthma, autism, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the benefits of normal biota?

A

Influence organ development, prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

General antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What factors weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection?

A

Age, genetic/acquired defects in immunity, pregnancy, surgery/organ transplants, underlying disease, chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs, stress, other infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are endogenous infections?

A

Infections caused by microbiota already in/on the body, which typically occur when normal biota are introduced to a new bodily site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic, resulting in infection and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are true pathogens?

A

Pathogens capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Pathogens that cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when introduced to a part of the body that is not natural to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are biosafety levles?

A

A system of biosafety categories adopted by the CDC based on the general degree of pathogenicity and relative danger in handling of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity, indicated by a microbe’s ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to toxin production or induction of an injurious host response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Infectious Dose (ID)?

A

The minimum number of microbes required for an infection to proceed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a portal of entry?

A

The characteristic route taken by a microbe to initiate infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are exogenous infections?

A

Infections originating from outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do infectious agents enter the skin?

A

Through broken skin or by forging pathways via digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do infectious agents enter the GI tract?

A

Through food, drink, and other ingested substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the gateways to the respiratory tract?

A

Oral cavity, nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What affects how far into the respiratory tree an agent is carried?

A

Its size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which pathogens use urogenital portals of entry?
Those transmitted by sexual means
26
What is the placenta?
An exchange organ that permits diffusion of dissolved nutrients and gases to the fetus
27
How can the fetus obtain microbes from the mother?
Spread from the umbilical vein, acquirement while passing through birth canal
28
What is adhesion?
Process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues
29
What factor affects adhesion?
The specific binding molecules on both the host and pathogen
30
What is quorum sensing?
Chemical communication between nearby bacteria critical to establishment of infection
31
What are phagocytes?
White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals
32
What are antiphagocytic factors?
Virulence factors used by pathogens to avoid phagocytes by circumventing some part of the phagocytic process
33
What are exoenzymes?
Enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues, dissolve host's defense barriers, and promote microbe spread into deeper tissues
34
What is a toxin?
A chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms
35
What is an exotoxin?
Any toxin secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissues
36
What is endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide?
A toxin that is shed from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
37
What is a localized infection?
An infection in which the microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
38
What is a systemic infection?
Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually via the bloodstream
39
What is a focal infection?
Exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
40
What is a mixed infection?
Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site
41
What is the primary infection?
The initial infection
42
What is the secondary infection?
Occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection by a different microbe
43
What are acute infections?
Infections that come on rapidly and have short-lived effects
44
What are chronic infections?
Infections that progress and persist over a long period of time
45
What is a sign?
Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer; more precise than symptoms
46
What is a symptom?
Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
47
What is a syndrome?
A disease identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms
48
What are granulomas/abcesses?
Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes
49
What is edema?
Accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue
50
What is lymphadenitis?
Swollen lymph nodes
51
What is leukocytosis?
Increase in WBC levels
52
What is Leukopenia?
Decrease in WBC levels
53
What is septicemia?
General state in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers
54
What is bacteremia?
Presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood; not necessarily multiplying
55
What is viremia?
Presence of viruses in the blood
56
What are asymptomatic infections?
Host is infected but does not manifest the disease; patient experiences no symptoms and does not seek treatment
57
What is the portal of exit?
Avenue for pathogens to exit the host
58
What are the various ways that pathogens exit the host?
Secretion, excretion, discharge, sloughed tissue
59
What is latency?
A dormant state of an infectious agent; microbe can periodically become active and produce recurrent disease
60
What are sequelae?
Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues
61
What is the incubation period?
Time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms
62
What is the prodromal period?
When the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear
63
What is the acute phase?
Infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its great virulence, and becomes well established in target tissue
64
What is the convalescent stage?
Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline
65
What is a reservoir?
Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates
66
What is a source?
Distinct from a reservoir; individual/object from which an infection is acquired
67
What is a carrier?
An individual who unknowingly shelters a pathogen and can spread it
68
What are the types of carriers?
Asymptomatic, incubating, convalescent, chronic, passive
69
What are vectors?
Living animals that transmit an infectious agent from one host to another
70
What is a biological vector?
A vector that actively participates in pathogen's life cycle
71
What is a mechanical vector?
A vector that is not necessary to the pathogen life cycle and merely transports the pathogen
72
What is a zoonosis?
An infection indigenous to animals but also transmissible to humans
73
What is a communicable disease?
Occurs when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host
74
What does it mean for a pathogen/disease to be contagious?
It is highly communicable, especially through direct contact
75
What is a noncommunicable disease?
Does not arise through transmission of infectious agent from host to host
76
What is horizontal transmission?
Disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another, either directly, indirectly, or through a vector
77
What is vertical transmission?
Transmission from parent to offspring
78
What is a vehicle?
Any inanimate material commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents
79
What is a fomite?
An inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens, but is not a continuous source of infection
80
What are healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?
Infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital or healthcare facility stay
81
What is medical asepsis?
Practices that lower the microbial load in patients, caregivers, and the hospital environment
82
What is surgical asepsis?
Ensuring all surgical procedures are conducted under sterile conditons
83
What is epidemiology?
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations
84
What is the prevalence of disease?
Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population
85
What is the incidence of disease?
Measures the number of new cases over a certain time
86
What is the mortality rate?
Measures number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
87
What is a point-source epidemic?
One in which the infectious agents came from a single source
88
What is a common-source epidemic?
Result from common exposure to a single source of infection; can occur over a period of time
89
What is a propagated epidemic?
Results from an infectious agent that is communicable from person to person; sustained over time in a population
90
What is a pandemic?
Spread of an epidemic across continents
91
What is the index case?
The first patient found in an epidemiological investigation
92
What is an endemic?
An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time within a geographic locale
93
What is a sporadic disease?
Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locales

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions