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MICRB 201 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Surface coating formed from repeating polysaccharide units

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2
Q

What is the slime layer?

A

A loosely formed layer around the cell that prevents water and nutrient loss

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3
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Spore formation induced by environmental conditions

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4
Q

What is a bacterial species?

A

A collection of bacterial cells which share an overall pattern of similar traits

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5
Q

What are mycoplasmas?

A

Cells that display extreme variations in shape due to a lack of cell walls

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6
Q

What is negative chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a cell away from a repellant and/or harmful compound

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7
Q

What conditions can endospores resist?

A

Heating, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals

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8
Q

What are the three main life activities that bacteria carry out?

A

Reproduction, metabolism, nutrient processing

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9
Q

What is the S layer?

A

A layer composed of thousands of copies of a single protein that forms when cells need protection from hostile environments

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10
Q

What is the composition of the cytoplasm?

A

Water, mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts, cell parts such as the chromatin body, ribosomes, granules, and cytoskeleton

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11
Q

What is the average size of a bacterial cell?

A

1 micrometer

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12
Q

What prefix indicates that bacteria are in groups of four?

A

Tetrad

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13
Q

What is a monotrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Single flagellum

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14
Q

What is the stimulus for endospore formation?

A

Depletion of nutrients

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of bacterial chromosomes?

A

Single circular strand of DNA, aggregated in the nucleoid, tightly coiled around basic protein molecules

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16
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A unique macromolecule composed of glycan chains cross-linked with short peptide fragments

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17
Q

What conditions favor germination of an endospore?

A

Exposure to water and a germination agent

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18
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement in response to chemical signals

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19
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Small bristle-like fibers composed of protein that stick to each other and to surfaces

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20
Q

What are the functions of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid in the gram-positive cell wall?

A

Cell wall maintenance, enlargement during cell division, acidic charge on cell surface

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21
Q

What prefix indicates that bacteria are in irregular clusters?

A

Staphylo

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22
Q

What are porin proteins?

A

Proteins found in gram-negative bacteria that span the outer membrane and allow for penetration by relatively small molecules

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23
Q

What is a peritrichous flagellar arrangement?

A

Flagella dispersed randomly over the cell surface

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of a gram-negative cell envelope?

A

Outer membrane, thin cell wall, inner cytoplasmic membrane

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25
What is the cytoplasm?
Gelatinous solution contained by the cytoplasmic membrane
26
What is a lophotrichous flagellar arrangement?
Small bunches/tufts of flagella
27
What layers compose the cell envelope?
Cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and sometimes the outer membrane
28
What are sarcina formations?
Cubical packets of 8, 16, or more cocci cells
29
Why are endospores of medical significance?
They are resistant to ordinary cleaning methods and can frequently contaminate cultures, media, and other surfaces
30
What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis, regulate transport
31
What is subspecies/strain/type?
Bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics
32
What is a polar flagellar arrangement?
Flagella at one or both ends of the cell
33
What function do capsules serve for pathogenic bacteria?
Protect pathogenic bacteria against phagocytic white blood cells
34
What are plasmids?
Nonessential pieces of DNA that confer protective traits
35
What is conjugation?
Partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
36
What is positive chemotaxis?
Movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable stimulus
37
What is mycolic acid?
A long-chain fatty acid that contributes to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium and makes them resistant to certain chemicals and dyes
38
What is secretion?
The discharge of metabolic products into the extracellular environment
39
What is an amphitrichous flagellar arrangement?
Flagella at both poles of the cell
40
What is lipopolysaccharide?
A polysaccharide found in gram-negative bacteria that functions as a cell marker and receptor; can act as an endotoxin to stimulate fever and shock
41
What are the three bacterial shapes?
Coccus, bacillus, and vibrio
42
What are the characteristics of the bacterial cytoskeleton?
Long polymers of proteins, arranged in helical ribbons, contribute to cell shape
43
How are bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes?
Have nuclear material that is free in the cytoplasm and have no membrane-bound organelles
44
What are the characteristics of a gram-positive cell envelope?
Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, inner cytoplasmic membrane
45
What formation do spirochetes typically form?
Individual cells
46
What are the characteristics of mycoplasma cell membranes?
Stabilized by sterols, resistant to lysis
47
What prefix indicates that bacteria are in pairs?
Diplo
48
What characteristics do gram-negative bacteria have due to their thin cell walls?
Greater flexibility, higher sensitivity to lysis
49
What is the role of pili and fimbriae?
To provide attachment
50
What is a serotype?
Representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody responses
51
What is a sporangium?
A sporulating cell
52
What are pili?
Long, rigid, tubular structures formed from pilin protein, found only in gram-negative bacteria, used in conjugation
53
What are the two major groups of appendages?
1. Flagella and axial filaments: motility | 2. Fimbriae, pili, nanowires: attachment/channels
54
What formation do spirilla bacteria typically form?
Short chains
55
What is pleomorphism?
Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species
56
What is the capsule?
A more tightly bound, thicker, and denser protective layer than a slime layer
57
What are palisade formations?
Partially attached chains of bacilli cells that can create side-by-side rows
58
What is the defining characteristic of endospores?
Ability to withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival
59
What is a run?
Counterclockwise movement of flagella that leads to a cell swimming in a smooth, linear direction
60
What is a tumble?
Flagellum reverses direction, causing cell to stop and change course
61
What are the two phases of bacterial lifestyle?
Vegetative cell and endospore
62
What are the functions of the cell wall?
Help determine bacterium shape, provide structural support to prevent cell from bursting or collapsing
63
What prefix indicates that bacteria are in chains?
Strepto
64
What are the two forms of bacterial groups?
Colonies and biofilms
65
How does the outer membrane impact gram-negative bacteria?
Makes them resistant to some antimicrobial chemicals; makes them harder to inhibit/kill than gram-positive bacteria
66
What are inclusion bodies?
Storage sites for nutrients during times of abundance

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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