Chapter 5

Question 1

Why are sexual spores important?

Answer 1

Variations can occur when fungi of different genetic makeup combine their genetic material that are advantageous to adaptation and survival

Question 2

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 2

Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Question 3

What are the two main groups of fungi?

Answer 3

Macroscopic and microscopic fungi

Question 4

What are the different methods of protozoan reproduction?

Answer 4

Mitosis, multiple fission, conjugation

Question 5

What is a parasite?

Answer 5

A pathogen that is typically either a protozoa or helminth

Question 6

What is the intermediate host?

Answer 6

Host in which larval development occurs

Question 7

What structures are protozoan organelles able to specialize as?

Answer 7

Mouths, digestive systems, reproductive tracts, legs/means of locomotion

Question 8

What are lysosomes?

Answer 8

Enzyme containing vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes involved in intracellular digestion and protection

Question 9

What are the classification criteria for helminths?

Answer 9

Shape, size, organ development, presence of special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, egg/larvae appearance

Question 10

What are spores?

Answer 10

Fungal reproductive bodies

Question 11

What is the role of the RER?

Answer 11

Protein packaging and transport

Question 12

What is the term for the dormant stage of protozoa?

Answer 12

Cyst

Question 13

In addition to movement, what other functions can cilia serve for cells?

Answer 13

Feeding and filtering functions

Question 14

What are cilia?

Answer 14

Structures that are similar to flagella but are shorter and more numerous

Question 15

What is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 15

Site of protein modification and transport

Question 16

What are the three main types of helminths?

Answer 16

Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms

Question 17

Other than infections, what other medical conditions can fungi cause?

Answer 17

Allergies, neurological conditions

Question 18

What are the four classes of protozoa, according to movement?

Answer 18

1. Those that use flagella to move
2. Those that use amoeboid motion to move
3. Those that use cilia to move
4. Those with no motility

Question 19

What is the definitive host?

Answer 19

Host in which adulthood and mating occur

Question 20

What is the primary medical threat from algae?

Answer 20

Ingestion of toxins during a red tide

Question 21

What are the three types of infections caused by pathogenic fungi?

Answer 21

Community-acquired infections, hospital-associated infections, opportunistic infections

Question 22

What are pseudopods?

Answer 22

“False feet” that allow for amoeboid motion and may serve as feeding structures

Question 23

What is the term for the feeding stage of protozoa?

Answer 23

Trophozoite

Question 24

What are sporangiospores?

Answer 24

Spores formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

Question 25

What are the possible fungi cell formations?

Answer 25

Yeast cells, hyphae, and dimorphic

Question 26

What are conidospores/conidia?

Answer 26

Free spores not encloses by a spore-bearing sac

Question 27

What are cristae?

Answer 27

Fold on the inner mitochondrial membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration

Question 28

What features are found in all eukaryotic cells?

Answer 28

Cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi body, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, glycocalyx

Question 29

How do saprobe fungi obtain nutrients?

Answer 29

They obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

Question 30

What features are found in the cells of some eukaryotic groups?

Answer 30

Cell wall, locomotor appendages, chloroplasts

Question 31

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes?

Answer 31

Typical phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, contain sterols, selectively permeable, sophisticated transport mechanisms

Question 32

What are trematodes?

Answer 32

Helminths where the sexes are separate or hermaphroditic

Question 33

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 33

Holds ribosomes, DNA, enzymes, and other compounds used in metabolism

Question 34

What is chromatin?

Answer 34

The material of eukaryotic chromosomes that is bound to histone proteins

Question 35

What are trypanosomes?

Answer 35

Pathogenic flagellates that are found in the blood and are transmitted by blood-sucking vectors

Question 36

What are septa?

Answer 36

Cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

Question 37

What are the three main fungal reproductive strategies?

Answer 37

1. Simple outward growth of existing hyphae 2. Fragmentation of mycelium to generate new colonies 3. Spore formation and spread

Question 38

What are helminths?

Answer 38

Multicellular animals equipped with organs and organ systems

Question 39

What molecules compose fungal cell walls?

Answer 39

Chitin or cellulose

Question 40

What is the complete life cycle of a helminth?

Answer 40

Fertilized egg, larval stage, adult stage

Question 41

What are the three fungal nutrition types?

Answer 41

Heterotrophic, saprobes, and parasites

Question 42

What are the two subkingdoms of protists?

Answer 42

Algae and protozoa

Question 43

What are the photosynthetic role of the chloroplasts?

Answer 43

Primary producers of all organic nutrients and oxygen gas

Question 44

What are nematodes?

Answer 44

Helminths where the sexes have different morphologies

Question 45

What aspect of helminths is most developed?

Answer 45

Reproductive tract

Question 46

How are helminths identified?

Answer 46

Microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae, or eggs

Question 47

What are transitional vesicles?

Answer 47

Vesicles formed by the ER when it is close to the golgi that the golgi can pick up

Question 48

What is a protist?

Answer 48

Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

Question 49

What are the two types of protozoan species in terms of nutritional habitat?

Answer 49

Free-living heterotrophs and parasitic heterotrophs

Question 50

What is parasitology?

Answer 50

Study of protozoa and helminths

Question 51

In which eukaryotic cells are cell walls found?

Answer 51

Fungi and algae

Question 52

How are fungi identified?

Answer 52

Isolation, micro and macro observation, via asexual spore-forming structures and spores themselves, via hyphal types, colony texture, pigmentation, and genetic makeup analysis

Question 53

What are vacuoles?

Answer 53

Membrane-bound sacs that contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

Question 54

What considerations are made when identifying protozoa?

Answer 54

Shape/size of cell, type/number/distribution of locomotor structures, presence of special organelles/cysts, number of nuclei

Question 55

What happens after the golgi adds polysaccharides and lipids to the proteins in transitional vesicles?

Answer 55

It pinches off condensing vesicles

Question 56

What is the role of the SER?

Answer 56

Synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules

Question 57

What is the glycocalyx (or extracellular matrix)?

Answer 57

An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment

Question 58

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 58

Anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape changes and movement

Question 59

When do protozoa form cysts?

Answer 59

When conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding

Question 60

What are the three main types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 60

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 61

What are the differences between eukaryotic flagella and bacterial flagella?

Answer 61

10x thicker, structurally more complex, covered by an extension of cell membrane, regularly spaced 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

Question 62

What is the mycelium?

Answer 62

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes of the body/colony of mold