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Immunology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is immunity?

A

preventing sickness when exposed to a microbe

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2
Q

is immunity long lasting

A

we want it to be

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3
Q

how do we acquire immunity?

A

exposure to microbes and vaccines

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4
Q

what happens the first time infected or exposed to a microbe

A

you acquire immunity to the microbe

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5
Q

what happens the second time infected or exposed to a microbe

A

you should have protection

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6
Q

what is a natural passive way to acquire immunity

A

Ab pass from mother to fetus

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7
Q

what is an acquired passive way to acquire immunity

A

inject Ab into people

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8
Q

what is a natural active way to acquire immunity

A

infection

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9
Q

what is an acquired active way to acquire immunity

A

vaccine

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10
Q

what type immunity in non-specific

A

innate

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11
Q

which type of immunity is second

A

adaptive

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12
Q

which type of immunity has memory

A

adaptive

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13
Q

what type of immunity happens fast and is ready to go immediately

A

innate

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14
Q

how long does adaptive immunity take

A

about 2 weeks

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15
Q

what barriers does innate immune response have

A

epithelium and mucosa

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16
Q

what carriers does innate immune response have

A

macrophage and dendritic cells

neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

NK cells

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17
Q

what chemicals does innate immune response have

A

sebum, AMP, and lysozyme

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18
Q

what recognition does innate immunity have

A

receptors= pattern recognition receptors

PAMPS= pathogen molecular patterns- something generic on a microbe

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19
Q

what are the effector functions of innate immunity

A

phagocytosis and releasing granules to kill the microbes

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20
Q

pathway of inflammation

A

receptor, cytokines, vasodilation, gaps in endothelium, vascular leakage, increased local liquid volume, pressure on nerve endings, WBC infiltration, inflammation

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21
Q

what is used for cells to communicate in inflammation

A

cytokines

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22
Q

increased local liquid volume means

A

swelling

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23
Q

why do we have pain at the cite, due to what

A

pressure on nerve endings

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24
Q

what does vasodilation do

A

creates gaps between cells in the endothelium

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25
what are the recognition receptors in adaptive immunity
B cell and T cell receptor
26
BCR function comes from the
antibodies
27
what are two types of T cells
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
28
what type of t cells helps activate other cells by secreting cytokines
helper T cells
29
what type of T cell helps kill infected cells which reduces replication of microbe
cytotoxic T cells
30
whats an example of helper T cells
macrophages
31
whats more important T or B cells
T cells, B cells are worthless without T
32
neutralization and promotion of phagocytosis is an example of what cells
BCR
33
what type of immunity is fixed
innate
34
microbes that make us sick are called
pathogens
35
whats an opportunistic pathogen
a microbe that is normally harmless but causes disease when microbiota or immune system is compromised
36
what are four classes of pathogens
bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeast), and parasites (protozoa or helminths)
37
what does microbiota stand for
good microbes
38
what does microbiota consist of
bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and protozoa
39
what are benefits of microbiota
helps with digestion, barrier to pathogens- occupy space to prevent pathogen growth, keep pathogens in check within the body, and trains the immune system
40
where does hematopoiesis occur
bone marrow
41
the erythrocyte does what
oxygen transport
42
what helps with platelet formation and wound repair
megakaryocyte
43
neutrophils are team
granulocytes
44
what kind of nuclei do neutrophils have
lobed nuclei
45
what do neutrophils do
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
46
where are neutrophils stored
the bone marrow
47
are neutrophils ready for action
no, they need to be called for duty from the bone marrow and go through the epithelial layer
48
what blood cell kills antibody- coated parasites through release of toxic granule contents onto the surface of parasite
eosinophil
49
what type of nucleus do eosinophils have
2 lobed
50
what do eosinophils mediate
allergies
51
what white blood cell controls immune responses to parasites or allergies
basophil
52
what do granules do to the view of basophil nucleus
obsecures the view of the lobed nucleus
53
what do mast cells do
expulsion of parasites from the body by release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
54
what are team granulocytes
eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, mast cell
55
what white blood cell has a normal nucleus
mast cell
56
what enhances the immune response
histamines
57
whats the circulating precursor of the macrophage
monocyte
58
what team is a monocyte
phagocyte
59
what WBC phagocytosis and kills microorganisms and helps with inflammation
macrophage
60
where is the nucleus on a macrophage
on one side of the nucleus
61
what are the clear spaces in a macrophage called
phagolysozome
62
what happens in phagocytosis of a macrophage
1. bacterium 2. engulfment by phagosome 3. degradation 4. contents released into phagolysosome 5. breaks it down when it fuses with lysosome which helps break down further and is released from the cell
63
what happens during inflammation in a macrophage
1. bacterium w/ bacterial component 2. receptor binding that induces signaling and leads to transcription 3. transcription 4. released inflammatory cytokines
64
what cell moves around a lot and come through the blood stream
dendritic cell
65
what cells can sample an environment by reaching out
dendritic cells
66
what is the bridge between innate immune system and the adaptive immune system
dendritic cells
67
what cells do dendtric cells activate
T cells
68
what do small lymphocytes look like
a nucleus with a very small amount of cytoplasm
69
what cells make antibodies
B cells
70
what helps B cells and kill infected cells
T cells
71
what cells is terminally differentiated form of B cell that synthesizes and secretes antibodies
plasma cell
72
what is an antibody factory?
plasma cell
73
what vesicles do NK cells secrete
perforin and granzyme
74
what does perforin do
pokes holes in membranes
75
what do granzymes do
induce apoptosis
76
what do NK cells do
kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells
77
what are B/T cell receptors also known as
antigen receptors
78
what does each cell have that helps with specificity?
single antigens
79
are B/T cell receptors germ line encoded, if not how is there diversity?
no, diversity comes from random gene rearrangements
80
where does the transmembrane region bind too
directly to the antigen
81
what does the major histocompatibility complex do
show antigen to T cells
82
what are two types of antigens
B cells and T cells
83
what are types of B cells
carbohydrates, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids
84
what are types of T cells
8-16 aa peptides or proteins presented by MHC molecules
85
what are antibody functions
neutralization and opsoinization
86
what does neutralization do
blocks entry bind by taking up binding sites
87
what does opsonization do
tag for phagozytosis
88
how many antigen binding cites are on B cell receptors
2
89
do the two binding sites recognize different or the same thing
the same thing
90
for MHC class I, what does it recognize
any infected of cancerous cell
91
for MHC class II, what does it recognize
B cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells
92
the T cell partially interacts with both?
the peptide and the MHC class I and II
93
what are two types of lymphoid tissue
primary and secondary
94
what tissue do B and T cells develop
primary
95
what tissue do B and T cells get activated
secondary
96
the thymus is what kind of cells
T cells
97
the bone marrow is what kind of cells
B cells
98
are thymus and bone marrow primary or secondary tissue
primary
99
name the 7 secondary organ tissues
adenoid, tonsil, lymph node, appendix, lymphatics, spleen, and peyer's patch
100
what does the spleen do
filters blood and immune response to blood infections
101
what shape is a lymph node
kidney shaped
102
afferent means
entering the cell
103
efferent means
exiting the cell
104
where do B cells usually stay in a lymph node
lymphoid follicle
105
what part of the lymph node-connect in the T zone
artery vein
106
what is true about a germinal center
it gets larger and then will shrink at the end of infection
107
what are the two major types of anatomy of spleen
white and red pulp
108
what happens in the white pulp of a spleen
it is where immune response happens
109
what happens in the red pulp of a spleen
filters blood
110

Immunology (16 decks)

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