Chapter 2

Question 1

1st line of immunity is

Answer 1

barriers and molecular mechanisms at the ready

Question 2

2nd line of immunity is

Answer 2

induced intrinsic mechanisms

Question 3

3rd line of immunity is

Answer 3

adaptive immunity

Question 4

order of the first line immunity

Answer 4

epithelial/ endothelial-> skin + mucosal surface-> lining of blood vessels

Question 5

whats an intrinsic mechanism

Answer 5

PRP binding to PAMPS

Question 6

commensal relationship is called

Answer 6

microbiota

Question 7

what is included in the commensal relationship

Answer 7

nutrition, metabolism, and general health

Question 8

is there more bacterial cells or human cells

Answer 8

bacterial cells

Question 9

what are the 3 different pathways

Answer 9

alternative, lectin, classical

Question 10

what are 3 different effector functions within the complement activation

Answer 10

inflammation, opsonization, and perforation

Question 11

whats the last pathway to be activated

Answer 11

classical

Question 12

whats the second pathway to be activated

Answer 12

lectin

Question 13

what pathway binds mannose

Answer 13

lectin

Question 14

what pathways bind receptors to microbe to start the process

Answer 14

lectin and classical

Question 15

short summary of classical pathway

Answer 15

C1 binding to antibody which breaks down C2 and C4
!st C3 convertase

Question 16

what are complement regulatory proteins

Answer 16

soluble factors and membrane bound factors

Question 17

what do soluble factors do?

Answer 17

inhibit or activate

Question 18

what do membrane bound factors do?

Answer 18

inhibit

dont eat me signals

Question 19

what activates complement

Answer 19

properdin

Question 20

how does properdin activate complement

Answer 20

bind C3bBB and stabilizes it and continually break down C3

Question 21

what gives fragment to iC3b

Answer 21

inactivation of C3b by factor H and factor I

Question 22

4 steps of inactivation of H and I

Answer 22

1. C3b on surface of microbe
2. Factor H will bind C3b
3. Once H is bound it recruits factor I
4. Factor I then cleans C3b into iC3n which is inactivated

Question 23

what complement proteins disrupt C3 convertase on a human cell

Answer 23

DAF and MCP

Question 24

what does DAF do?

Answer 24

Daf bind C3bBB and displaces Bb

Question 25

4 steps of MCP

Answer 25

1. MCP binds C3bBB 2. MCP displaces Bb 3. MCP C3b recruit factor I 4. Factor I cleaves C3b- iC3b which is inactivated

Question 26

during effector function of opsonizatioin C3 on the pathogen binds what and on what

Answer 26

CRI phagocyte

Question 27

macrophage CRI binds what

Answer 27

C3b on bacterium

Question 28

what iniates signaling that leads to phagocytosis

Answer 28

macrophage endocytoses of the bacterium

Question 29

after macrophage endocytoses of the bacterium what happens

Answer 29

macrophage membranes fuse to create a phagosome

Question 30

after the creation of the phagosome what happens

Answer 30

the lysosome fuse with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome which breaks down the microbe

Question 31

what is true about the MAC

Answer 31

it is all over the surface of microbe it is not just one pore

Question 32

on the cells of pathogens how do u prevent mac to form

Answer 32

complement components C5-C9 assemble a complex that perforates the cell membrane

Question 33

on human cells how do u prevent mac

Answer 33

CD59 binds to C5b678 complex and prevents recruitment of C9 to form the pore

Question 34

what do C3 and C5 do

Answer 34

induce inflammation

Question 35

C3 and C5 increase what

Answer 35

blood vessel permeability

Question 36

what enters the infected tissue due to C3 and C5

Answer 36

complement and other plasma proteins and leukocytes

Question 37

what are membrane bound receptors on immune cells

Answer 37

C3aR and C5aR

Question 38

what are anapholotoxic

Answer 38

C3ar and C5aR

Question 39

what acts as a chemoattractant for neutrophils and monocytes

Answer 39

C5a

Question 40

what increases phagocytic activity

Answer 40

C5a

Question 41

what increases surface expression of CR1 and CR3 on phagocytes

Answer 41

C5a

Question 42

is C5a or C3a more potent

Answer 42

C5a

Question 43

what is a coagulation system

Answer 43

blood clotting

Question 44

what is a kinin system

Answer 44

bradykinin

Question 45

what does the kinin system do

Answer 45

decrease hypotension, relax smooth muscles, and dilated blood vessels

Question 46

what counteract microbial proteases

Answer 46

protease inhibitor

Question 47

example of protease inhibitor

Answer 47

alpha 2- macroglobulin

Question 48

microbial protease and alpha macroglobulin does what

Answer 48

form microbes

Question 49

protease cleaves bait which induces what

Answer 49

conformational change

Question 50

then alpha macroglobulin enshrouds and does what

Answer 50

wraps it up and deactivates it

Question 51

how long are AMPs

Answer 51

30-40 aa

Question 52

are AMPs amphipathic

Answer 52

yes they have neg and pos

Question 53

AMP membrane microbes do what

Answer 53

1. penetrate membrane 2. disrupt membrane integrity 3. lyse cells

Question 54

AMP toxins do what

Answer 54

bind to local folding toxin susceptible to protease the host protease breakdown the toxin

Question 55

do groups of defensin classes

Answer 55

alpha and beta

Question 56

numbers of alpha

Answer 56

1-6

Question 57

numbers of beta

Answer 57

1-30

Question 58

what is 1-4 in alpha

Answer 58

part of neutrophil granules

Question 59

what is 5-6 in alpha

Answer 59

enteric and made by paneth cells in the intestine

Question 60

is beta well known

Answer 60

no not all gene products indentified

Question 61

what is a short pentraxin

Answer 61

serum amyloid p component

Question 62

what is a long pentraxin

Answer 62

PTX3 pentraxin 3

Question 63

what are ligands for short pentraxins

Answer 63

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

Question 64

what are ligands for long pentraxins

Answer 64

bacteria, viruses, and fungi