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Immunology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

T cells are activated in the?

A

lymph node

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2
Q

what happens at the site of infection

A

DC cells phagocytose microbes and present them on MHC class I and class II and travel through lymphatic vessels to secondary lymph organs

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3
Q

what happens after DC and microbes travel through the lymphatic vessels?

A

DC enter and interact with T cells looking for a match and if there is a match it initiates adaptive immunity

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4
Q

once adaptive immunity is initiated what happens

A

the DC is going to bind to the T cell and teach the T cell how to fight infection

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5
Q

if the infection location is in the tissue and skin what secondary lymph organ does it go too

A

draining L.N

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6
Q

if the infection location is in the blood what secondary lymph organ does it go too

A

spleen

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7
Q

if the infection location is in the mucosa what secondary lymph organ does it go too

A

MALT

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8
Q

steps after you step on a nail

A
  1. DCs pick up microbes
  2. DC travels to draining L.N
  3. in the L.N DC interacts w/ T cells and activate other T cells
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9
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis of bacteria and microbes that replicate extracellular is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class II
CD4

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10
Q

macropinocytosis of bacteria or viruses and extracellular infection is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class II
CD4

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11
Q

viral infection or infection of DC by virus is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class I
CD8

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12
Q

cross-presentation or no infection virus endocytosed of exogenous viral antigens is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class I
CD8

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13
Q

T cell recirculate between the

A

blood and lymph

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14
Q

when T cell recirculate between the blood and lymph the T cell enters via? and interact with DC via?

A

enter via HEV
interact with DC via MHC

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15
Q

once the T cell enters via HEV and interacts with the DC via MHC what two things could it do?

A

A. recognize Ag and stay
B. not recognize Ag and leave via efferent lymph vessel

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16
Q

what is extravasation?

A

T cells leaving the blood stream

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17
Q

how do T cells cross HEV to get into the lymph node

A
  1. there is loose adhesion
  2. there are chemokine signals and increase the strong adhesion molecules
  3. this tightly bind to endothelial cells
  4. diapedesis making the it squeeze between endothelial cells
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18
Q

T cell : L- selectin
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: SL^x+ CD34/ glycam
DC: none

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19
Q

T cell: LFA-1
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: ICAM2
DC: none

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20
Q

T cell: ICAM3
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: none
DC: LFA-1 or DC-Sign

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21
Q

T cell: CD2
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: none
DC: LFA3

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22
Q

L- selectin, LFA-1, ICAM3, and CD2 are what type of molecules

A

adhesion

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23
Q

Naive cells are before or after encounter Ag

A

before encountering Ag

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24
Q

activated cells are before or after encountering Ag

A

after encountering Ag

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25
how do cells keep recirculating?
through the S1P gradient
26
what is the S1P gradient?
lipids on cells in L.N with a higher concentration on cells that are closer to the efferent lymphatic vessel
27
when cells become activated what do they bind too?
bind to MHC and peptide on dendritic cell and gets signals to down regulate S1PR (CD19) on surface and upregulate adhesion to DCs
28
DC=
teacher for the T cells
29
T cells express S1PR which bind
S1P
30
T cells need how many signals from DC for activation
2
31
what is signal one for DC activation
TCR+ coreceptor interact with MHC
32
what is signal two for DC activation
co-stimulation CD28 (T cell) interacts with B7 (DC)
33
what are two major T cell synapse components
adhesion and signaling
34
p-SMAC is central or peripheral
peripheral
35
c-SMAC is central or peripheral
central
36
what two regions play a role in adhesion
p-smac and c-smac
37
what plays a role in signaling
c-smac TCR costimulation
38
is CD2 a adhesion molecule
yes
39
what molecules are in c-smac
TCR CD2 CD4 CD8 CD28 PKC-0
40
what molecules are in p-smac
LFA-1 ICAM-1 talin
41
cells that secrete cytokines that act on itself
autocrine
42
cells that secrete cytokines that activate neighbors
paracrine
43
cells that secrete cytokines that act on far away cells
endocrine
44
what are ITAMs
immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs that get phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases
45
what type of signaling is IL-2
autocrine
46
T cell produce IL-2 to act on the....
same cell
47
Naive T cells have IL-2R gamma beta which
weakly bind Il-2
48
activated T cell have IL-2R gamma beta which
does strong binding
49
strong binding of IL-2 from activated T cells result in
cellular proliferation
50
Naive T cell cell expresses high or low affinity IL-r receptor
low affinity
51
what activates the naive T cell?
presentation of specific antigen
52
2 signals lead to the production of
IL-2 and IL-2 receptor gamma
53
where does IL-2R gamma go
to the surface
54
IL-2 bind high or low affinity once activated
high
55
the high affinity binding of the IL-r send a signal to
proliferate the T cell
56
signal 3 for IL-2 =
self signal via IL (autocrine- acting on the same cell) (paracrine- nearby cells)
57
what chooses the T cell fate?
cytokines
58
cytokines choose the T cell fate from the
blood or cells within secondary lymph tissues
59
what are two ways to activate CD8 T cells to proliferate
no help and CD4 t cell help
60
what signaling occurs with no help
autocrine
61
what signaling occurs with t cell help
paracrine
62
do T cell change upon activation?
yes
63
do activated T cells need co stimulation
no
64
what two CD4 t cells dont change
CD4 and TCR
65
what activate other cells (Th cels)
cytokines
66
name the cytotoxins
granzyme perforin granulysin serglycin
67
induce apoptosis is what cytotoxin
granzyme
68
what cytotoxin pokes holes
perforin
69
what cytotoxins help with adhesion to break down membrane
granulysinand serglycin
70
what is JAK
a kinase
71
what is STAT
TF
72
cytokine receptor subunits bind what
JAKS
73
cytokine binding assembles the receptor which is
phosphorylated
74
JAK binds
STATS
75
STATs bind to phosphorylated receptor and are then
phosphorylated
76
phosphorylated STAT dimers enter the nucleus and initiate
gene expression specific to cytokine
77
what two signals to macrophaes get from TH1
1. TH1 cell secretes IFNgamma that acts on macrophages 2. CD40L (T cell) interacts with CD40 macrophage
78
outcomes on macrophage from the 2 signals from TH1
1. increase phagolysosomal fusion 2. increase antimicrobial agents in phagolysosome (oxygen free radicals-> nitric acid and proteases)
79
What cells activate B cells
TFH
80
6 steps of TFH activated B cells
1. B cell encounter Ag 2. present Ag to MHCII 3. TFH cell interact with B cell via TCR and MHC and coreceptor 4. cytokine signaling 5. interaction of CD40 (b cell) with CD40L (TFH cell) 6. B cell activated-> plasma cell
81
what is not at the site of infection
co-stimulation
82
what suprress T cells
Tregs
83
how does the Tregs suppress T cells
1. antigen presenting cell presents on MHCII to both Treg and Th cell 2. Tregs sends the suppression signal to the other cell
84
in an ideal world what only happens at the end of infection
Tregs supressing T cells
85
3 steps for the regulation of cytotoxic T cells
1. encounter Ag 2. adhesion molecules hold two cells together to form the immunological synapse 3. the vesicles move to the immunological synapse and are released there
86
steps for the refractory period required for killing
1. Tc interact 1st with infected cell 2. release all cytotoxin vesicles 3. 1st cell dies 4. Tc moves to next infected cell 5. fill new vesicles with cytotoxins before it kills the next cell

Immunology (16 decks)

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