Chapter 4 Flashcards by Julie DiMuccio

antibodies are also called

immunoglobulins

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antibodies are made by

plasma cells

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what plasma makes antibodies

plasma of blood, lymph, and mucosal surfaces

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most common antigens that it recognizes is

proteins and carbohydrates

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vaccine protection relies on

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how does vaccine protection relie on Ab through what

phagocytosis and neutralization

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1 antigen or small number of structurally similar antigens is called

Ab specficity

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what binds 2 places on one microbe or 1 place on each of 2 microbes

Ab specificity

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what is all the individual things Ab recognize called

Ab repertoire

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all specificities of Ab about 10 to the 9th

Ab repertoire

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what is clonal expansioin

massive proliferation of a B cell with infection relevant specificity

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3 steps of clonal expansion

resting B cell
(small number of B cell w/ specificity)
encounter with antigen
( recognize infection)
stimulated B cell gives rise to antibody-secreting plasma cell
(B cell proliferate and diff into plasma cell)

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best/ most abundant/ most versatile antibody isotype

IgG

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what antobody isotypes act as B cell receptors

IgM and IgD

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what antibody isotype helps with parasitic infection and allergies

IgE

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a lot of antigen binding is mediated by interaction with what?

the host cell

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hinge region has what type of bonds

disulfide bonds

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what region actually binds antigen

variable region

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Fab region consists of

heavy and light chains and does the binding

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the constant region of the antibody structure interacts with

host cells

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the base of the antibody structure consists of heavy or light

heavy chain

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the hinge region provides

flexibility

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each Ab has how many arms

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do each arm recognize the same thing on an Ab

yes

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the hinge region allows flexibility of where the antibody can bind the the distance between

Ig means

immunoglobulin

the antigen binding sites are what so that we can bind all the things

hypervariable

hypervariable region has what kind of loops

CDR

Loops bind to what

how many loops in each heavy and light chain

what is something antibodies can bind

antigen

what are epitopes

amino acids that the antibody binds

can an antigen have more than one epitopes

yes

can one antibody type bind multiple of the same epitopes

yes

antigen and antibody match

shapes for binding

bind to amino acid next to each other is called

linear epitope

what is a more common type of antigen binding and the amino acids are not next to each other in sequence but are in a folded protein

discontinuous epitope

what type of antibody does not exist in the wild

monoclonal

how are antibodies normally found

in polyclonal form

all ab are identical and all bind one thing

monoclonal

bunch of different antibodies with different specifities

polyclonal

antiserum- inoculate animal- isolate serum (pool of antibodies to a specific Ag) is what type of antibody

polyclonal

pool of antibodies that are all specific to an epitope of an Ag

monoclonal antibody

what is great for therapies

monoclonal

mouse is

full mouse

chimeric

human constant region

humanized

mostly human some mouse in variable region

fully human

monoclonal antibody treatments were all made in what

mice

how would monoclonal antibody treatments be recognized in our bodies

as foreign

lambda light chain locus is on what chromosome

chromosome 22

kappa light chain locus is on what chromosome

chromosome 2

heavy chain locus is on what chromosome

chromosome 14

variable region is composed of how many segments

is diversity in heavy or light chains

heavy

what side would RSS be on

3 prime end of V

what side is V on

5 prime

RSS stands for

recombination signal sequence

what always touches the segment

heptamers

heptamers always have

1 12 and 1 23 spacers

for heavy chain V and J always have the same

spacers

can we delete the diversity segment

what segment has the same spacer on 5 prime and 3 prime

D segment

what does all the recombination

RAG1/2

RAG1/2 is only expressed in developing

B and T cells

enzyme conformation requires a

12 and 23 spacer

RAG1/2 cleaves between

segment and heptamer

the coding joint is where

V and J come together

what happens in the signaling joint

DNA in the middle-> dont want-> degraded

germline DNA has all

possibilities

VJ-joined rearranges DNA

within individual B cell

IgM and IgD are expressed on the surface of a

B cell

alternative splicing dictates

IgM (normal) IgD (alternative)

B cell receptor heterodimer=

signaling domain

short tails->

no signaling on its own

somatic hypermutation is unique to

BCRs

somatic hypermutation is only in B cells that have

seen antigens

somatic hypermutation is mediated by

AID enzymes

C-> U conversions get repair with random nucleotide is an example of

NHEJ complex

process of selecting BCR that binds the best is called

affinity maturation

one week after primary immunization what antibody is made

IgM

two weeks after primary immunization what antibodies are made

IgM/ IgG

TMD means

transmembrane domain

what determines BCR vx antibody for IgM and IgD only

alternative splicing

secretion domain lack what

TMD

TMD binds

BCR

J chain allows for

oligomerization of 5 IgMs

isotype switching=

class switching

isotype switching goes from IgM to

IgG/A/E

once isotype switching happens the B cell can no longer make

IgM or IgD

switch regions are roughly equivalent to

RSSs

class swithes also use

AID

once something is X out can u undergo futher class switching

yes to something not X out

what mediates removal or intervening sequence

loop AID

is VDJ recomincation variable of heavy and light chain alt splicing or recombination

recombinatioin

class switching make IgG/A/E is alt or recombination

recombination

IgM BCR to IgD BCR is alt or recombination

alt

make secreted IgM ot IgD is alt or recomb

alt

Dimeric IgA with j chain helps with

clumping

IgG is

flexible

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 is neutralization or complement

complement

IgG4 is complement or neutralization

neutralization

is IgG4 monomeric

yes

in the curculation of IgG4 molecules become functionally

monovalent

IgG4 is unnatural and only happens in

circulation

IgG4 recgonize different things with

each arm

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(106 cards)