Chapter 1&2 Flashcards
1
Q
Describe Microorganisms
A
Unicellular
2
Q
What are Microorganisms only seen by?
A
LM
3
Q
What can be seen by the naked eye?
A
Microbial colonies
4
Q
Where are microbial colonies seen by the naked eye?
A
Culture
5
Q
What are the 2 types of cells?
A
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
6
Q
What do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have?
A
Nucleus
7
Q
Describe the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells
2 points
A
True
Membrane bound
8
Q
Describe the occurrence of this nucleus, unlike Prokaryotic cells
A
Enclosed
9
Q
What ,of a nucleus, is exactly enclosed?
A
DNA
10
Q
Where is the nucleus’s DNA enclosed?
A
Nuclear membrane
11
Q
Describe the nucleus in Prokaryotic cells
2 points
A
Primitive
Non-membrane bound
12
Q
What is this primitive non-membrane bound nucleus known as?
A
Nucleoid
13
Q
What do Prokaryotic cells lack, unlike Eukaryotic cells?
A
Membrane bound organelles
14
Q
What are the 5 membrane bound organelles which Prokaryotic cells lack, unlike Eukaryotic cells?
A
Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Phagosome Lysosome
15
Q
What are 4 examples of microorganisms?
A
Bacteria
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
16
Q
Describe a Bacteria
A
Unicellular
17
Q
Which type of cell is Bacterial cell?
A
Prokaryotic
18
Q
What is the unit used to measure Bacteria?
A
Micrometer
19
Q
What is the Bacteria seen by?
A
LM
20
Q
What type of cell is Fungal cell?
A
Eukaryotic
21
Q
What feature characterizes Fungi?
A
Non-motile
22
Q
What can Fungi do directly?
A
Absorption
23
Q
What do Fungi directly absorb?
A
Nutrients
24
Q
From where do Fungi directly absorb nutrients?
A
Environment
25
What are the 3 types of Fungi?
Mushroom
Mold
Yeast
26
What are Viruses made of? (2 points)
Nucleic acid
| Protein
27
What are the 2 forms of nucleic acid which make up viruses?
DNA
Or
RNA
28
What do viruses lack?
Ribosomes
29
What are ribosomes essential for?
Protein synthesis
30
What cannot be done by the viruses due to their lack of ribosomes?
Generation
31
What cannot be generated by the viruses?
Energy
32
What are viruses considered as?
Obligate intracellular parasites
33
What made viruses considered as obligate intracellular parasites?
Replication
34
What are viruses replicated in association with?
Host cells
35
Which host cells are replicated in association with viruses?
Which they infect
36
What is the unit used to measure viruses?
Nanometer
37
What are viruses seen by?
EM
38
Describe Prions (2 points)
Protein
| Agent
39
Describe this agent (2 points)
Infectious
| Causative
40
What are Prions causative agents for?
Diseases
41
What are the 3 disease which Prions cause?
Degenerative nervous system
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt
42
Where do Degenerative Nervous System and Creutzfeldt diseases occur?
Human
43
Where does Degenerative Nervous System disease also occur?
Animal
44
Where does Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy disease occur?
Cattle
45
What are the 5 factors considered when identifying Bacteria?
```
Morphology
Arrangement
Size
Stain reaction
Motility
```
46
What are the 3 forms of Bacteria?
Bacillus
Coccus
Spiral
47
What are the 2 types of Spiral Bacteria?
Spirilla
| Spirochetes
48
What are the bacteria formed according to?
Plane of cleavage
49
What are the 3 arrangements of bacteria formed according to plane of cleavage?
Diplo
Or
Chain
Clusters
50
What do these clusters look like?
Grape
51
Describe the plane of cleavage which forms diplo or chain bacteria
One
52
Describe the plane of cleavage which forms grape-like cluster bacteria
All
53
What is the diameter range of Bacteria?
0.2-1.2
54
What is the length range of Bacteria?
0.4-14
55
What are the 2 types of stains used?
Simple
| Differential
56
What is the simple stain used for? (3 points)
Cells
Tissues
Bacteria
57
Describe the color of the simple stain used to stain them?
Same
58
What is an example of the simple stain
Methylene Blue
59
What does the Differential stain do?
Distinguish
60
What does the Differential stain distinguish between?
Different types of bacteria
61
What are the 2 types of Differential stain?
Gram’s
| Ziehl-Neelsen
62
What does Gram’s stain do?
Divide bacteria
63
What are the bacteria divided into ,by Gram’s stain? (2 points)
Gram Positive
| Gram Negative
64
What are these 2 bacteria different in which make them divisible by Gram's stain?
Cell wall structure
65
What is the color of the Gram Positive bacteria stained by Gram's stain?
Violet
66
What is the color of the Gram Negative bacteria stained by Gram's stain?
Red
67
What are the 2 forms of Gram Positive bacteria and Gram Negative bacteria?
Cocci
| Bacilli
68
What is an example of Gram Positive Cocci?
Staphylococcus aureus
69
What does this Staphylococcus Aureus cause?
Localized lesions
70
What is an example of these localized lesions that Staphylococcus Aureus cause?
Abscess
71
What is an example of Gram Negative Cocci?
Neisseria meningitidis
72
What does this Neisseria meningitidis cause?
Meningitis
73
What is an example of Gram Positive Bacilli?
Corynebacterium diphtheria
74
What does this Corynebacterium diphtheria cause?
Diphtheria
75
What is an example of Gram Negative Bacilli?
E.coli
76
What does E.coli cause?
Urinary tract infections
77
What is Ziehl-Nelsen stain known as?
Acid alcohol fast
78
What are the 2 bacteria which Ziehl-Nelsen stain identify?
Mycobacteria
| M.tuberculosis
79
Describe the cell wall of these bacteria
Waxy
80
What are these bacteria stained with after being stained with Ziehl-Nelsen?
(2 points)
Carbon fuchsin
| Counter stain methylene blue
81
Describe Carbon fuchsin stain
Strong
82
What is the color of these bacteria after being stained by the strong carbon fuchsin?
Red
83
How are these bacteria stained red by this strong carbon fuchsin?
Steaming
84
What happens after steaming?
Cooling
85
What happens after cooling?
Resistance
86
What do these bacteria resist?
Decolorization
87
What are these bacteria decolorized by, which they resist? (2 points)
Acid
| Alcohol
88
What are these bacteria called due to their resistance of being decolorized by alcohol and acid?
Acid fast
89
What is counter stain methylene blue used for?
Other cells
90
What is the color of these other cells after being stained by the counter stain methylene blue?
Blue
91
How is the motility determined by?
Observing
92
What is observed to determine the motility?
Specimens
93
Describe these specimens
Living
94
What are the 3 ultrastructures of a Bacterial cell?
Cytoplasmic region
Cell envelope
Appendages
95
What does the cytoplasmic region contain?
| 4 points
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Inclusion granules
Mesosomes
96
Describe bacterial nucleoid
DNA
| Chromosome
97
Describe this DNA
Double-stranded
98
Describe the shape of this double-stranded DNA
Circular
99
How many circular double-stranded DNA are present in a bacterial cell?
Single
100
What is the unit used to measure the length of this single circular double-stranded DNA?
mm
101
What is the length of this single circular double-stranded DNA?
1mm
102
Describe this chromosome
Constitute
103
Describe the occurrence of this chromosome
Supercoiled
104
What is the function of this supercoiled constitute chromosome?
Replication
105
What does this supercoiled constitute chromosome replicate in coordination with?
Mesosomes
106
Describe Mesosomes
Invaginations
107
Describe these invaginations
Folded
108
Where are these mesosomes found in the bacteria?
Specific site
109
Where is this specific site in which the Mesosomes are found on?
Cell membrane
110
What is the function of these Mesosomes?
Support
111
What do these Mesosomes support?
Enzymes
112
Describe these enzymes
Respiratory
113
What are these mesosomes involved in?
Spore-formation
114
During what does this supercoiled constitute chromosome replicate in coordination with mesosomes? (2 points)
Cell:
Growth
Division
115
What are the 2 existence forms of bacterial nucleoid?
Free
| Bounded
116
Where is the free bacterial nucleoid present?
Cytoplasm
117
What is the bacterial nucleoid bounded to?
Mesosomes
118
What is the bacterial ribosome a site of?
Protein synthesis
119
Describe Inclusions
Energy reserves
120
What are the 2 bacterial inclusions?
Carbon
| Phosphate
121
What are the Carbon and Phosphate stored as?
Granules
122
What are the carbon granules stored?
Fat
123
What are the phosphate granules stored?
Volutin
124
What are the volutin granules
| used in?
ATP synthesis
125
What is the Carbon also stored as?
Glycogen
126
What is the cell envelope made of? (2 points)
Cell membrane
| Cell wall
127
What are the 3 layers which are not always present in a cell envelope?
Capsule
Glycocalyx
Slime
128
What is this cell membrane known as?
| 2 points
Cytoplasmic membrane
| Plasma membrane
129
Describe this cytoplasmic membrane
Elastic
130
Describe the thickness of this cytoplasmic membrane
Thin
131
What does this cytoplasmic membrane surround?
Cytoplasm
132
What are the 5 functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
```
Absorption
Respiration
Excretion
Multiplication
Chemotactic system
```
133
Describe this absorption
Selective
134
What does the cytoplasmic membrane selectively absorb?
Nutrient elements
135
What are the 2 process used by the cytoplasmic membrane to selectively absorb nutrient elements?
Simple diffusion
| Active transport
136
What does the cytoplasmic membrane excrete?
Enzymes
137
Describe these enzymes
Extracellular
138
What are the 2 functions of these extracellular enzymes?
Digestion
| Destruction
139
What do these extracellular enzymes digest?
Large molecules
140
What is an example of the extracellular enzymes that digest large molecules?
Hydrolytic
141
What do these extracellular enzymes destroy?
Harmful substances
142
What is an example of these harmful substances destroyed by extracellular enzymes?
Antibiotics
143
What is an example of extracellular enzymes that destroy harmful substances such as antibodies?
Penicillin-degrading
144
What is formed from the cytoplasmic membrane during bacterial multiplication?
Septum
145
What is the function of this septum during bacterial multiplication?
Separation
146
What does this septum separate?
Bacterial cells
147
Describe these bacterial cells
New
148
How many bacterial cells are separated?
2
149
What does the cytoplasmic membrane respond to in chemotactic system?
Message
150
Where is this message found on?
Surface
151
What does the cytoplasmic membrane respond to surface message in chemotactic system by? (2 points)
Attractant
| Repellant
152
What is the function of these attractants and repellants?
Bind
153
What do these attractants and repellants bind to?
Receptors
154
Describe the receptors where these attractants and repellants bind to
Specific
155
Describe an example of a bacteria which makes this Chemotactic system
Motile
156
What do these motile bacteria do in Chemotactic system?
Direct their movement
157
Which nutrient element do these motile bacteria direct their movement to?
Glucose
158
What is the Gram Negative bacteria characterized by? (2 points)
Outer membrane
| Space
159
Describe this outer membrane (2 points)
Phospholipid-protein bilayer
| Additional
160
What is this Phospholipid-protein bilayer made of?
Lipo-polysaccharide
161
What are the 2 functions of Lipo-polysaccharide?
Binds
| Activates
162
What does the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to?
Receptors
163
Describe these receptors
Specific
164
What are these specific receptors which the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to?
TLR-4
165
What occurs when the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to TLR-4?
Activation
166
What is activated due to the binding of the Lipo-polysaccharide to TLR-4?
Macrophage
167
What can also be activated by the Lipo-polysaccharide?
B cells
168
Describe this activation
Non special
169
Which cell's help wasn't used in this activation?
GIT
170
What can the Lipo-polysaccharide be used for?
| 2 points
Serotype
| Bacterial classification
171
Which layer is this outer membrane external to?
Peptidoglycan
172
Which Gram Negative bacterial form have a characteristic feature of this outer membrane?
Bacilli
173
What is this outer membrane considered as for the Gram Negative bacilli?
Endotoxins
174
Which Gram Negative bacilli cell produces Exotoxins?
Lysed
175
Where is the space found between?
Inner & outer membranes
176
What is this space known as?
Periplasmic space
177
What does the Gram Negative bacteria store?
Enzymes
178
Describe these enzymes
Degradative
179
Where are these degradative enzymes stored in?
Periplasmic space
180
Describe the resistance of Gram Negative bacteria to drying?
Low
181
Describe the response of Gram Negative bacteria to antibiotics in contrast with Gram Positive bacteria?
More resistant
182
What do Gram Positive bacteria lack?
Periplasmic space
183
What do these Gram Positive bacteria secrete instead of having a periplasmic space?
Exo-enzymes
184
What do these Gram Positive bacteria perform instead of having a periplasmic space?
Digestion
185
Describe this digestion
Extra-cellular
186
Why is this extra-cellular digestion needed?
Large molecules don't easily pass across cell membrane
187
What does the Gram Positive bacteria produce?
Exotoxins
188
Which Gram Positive bacteria cell produces exotoxins?
Living
189
Describe the resistance of Gram Positive bacteria to drying?
High
190
Describe the response of Gram Positive bacteria to antibiotics in contrast with Gram Negative bacteria?
More susceptible
191
Describe the cell wall (3 points)
Rigid
Turgid
Strong
192
What does the cell wall have?
Some elasticity
193
What unit is used to measure the thickness of the cell wall?
μm
194
What is the thickness range of a cell wall?
10-25
195
Where is the cell wall located?
Outside cell membrane
196
What does this cell wall do to the cell membrane?
Surrounds it
197
What are the 2 functions of the cell wall?
Maintenance
| Support
198
What feature of a bacteria does the cell wall maintain?
Shape
199
What does the cell wall support?
Cytoplasmic membrane
200
What feature of a bacteria is the cell wall involved in?
Multiplication
201
What is the cell wall responsible for?
Differences in staining behavior
202
What is the function of the Peptidoglycan?
Resistance
203
What does the Peptidoglycan resist?
Action
204
What action does the Peptidoglycan resist?
Lysozyme
205
What is the Peptidoglycan formed from?
| 4 points
Repeating units of:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(NAG)
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid(NAM)
Peptide side chains
206
What exactly in the Peptidoglycan resists lysozyme action?
Peptide side chains
207
What is the percentage of Peptidoglycan in Gram Positive bacteria?
50%
208
Describe the thickness of Peptidoglycan layer in Gram Positive bacteria
Thick
209
What is also present in the cell wall of a Gram Positive bacteria?
Teichoic acid
210
Describe Teichoic acid
Polymer
211
What is Teichoic acid a polymer of?
| 2 points
Ribitol
| Glycerol phosphate
212
Where is Teichoic acid also found in?
Cytoplasmic membrane
213
What are the Peptidoglycan and Teichoic acid considered as in Gram Positive Bacteria?
Major surfaces
214
What is the percentage of Peptidoglycan in Gram Negative bacteria?
10%
215
Describe the thickness of Peptidoglycan layer in Gram Negative bacteria
Thin
216
What are the 2 types of cell wall-deficient bacteria?
L-form
| Mycoplasma
217
What produces the L-form bacteria?
Enzymes
218
Describe these enzymes
Lytic
219
What are these enzymes lytic for?
Cell wall
220
What is an example of these lytic enzymes that produce the L-form bacteria?
Lysozyme
221
When can the L-form bacteria also be produced?
When treated
222
What are these L-form bacteria treated with?
Antibiotics
223
What do these antibiotics interfere with?
Peptidoglycan synthesis
224
What is an example of these antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis?
Penicillin
225
How does the L-form bacteria respond to the antibiotic therapy?
Survive
226
What happens to their walled state?
Reversion
227
What does this reversed walled state produce?
Infection relapse
228
Describe the absence of the cell wall in the Mycoplasma
Natural
229
What does the Mycoplasma lack due to the natural absence of its cell wall?
Definite shape
230
Describe the response of the Mycoplasma towards antibiotics acting on cell wall
Resistant
231
What is an example of an antibiotic acting on cell wall which the Mycoplasma resist?
Penicillin-Cephalosporins
232
What is the function of the Capsule and the other surface layers?
Surround
233
What does the Capsule and the other surface layers surround?
The outside of the cell envelope
234
What is the capsule made of in most of the bacteria?
Polysaccharide
235
Where is the capsule formed?
In vivo
236
What is the capsule not essential to?
Cell viability
237
What are the 2 functions of the Capsule?
Protection
| Resistance
238
What does the Capsule protect?
Cell wall
239
What does the Capsule protect the cell wall from?
Agents
240
Describe these agents
Antibacterial
241
What are the 3 antibacterial agents which the capsule protect the cell wall from?
Lysozyme
Bacteriophage
Complement
242
What does the capsule inhibit?
| 2 points
Water escape
| Ingestion
243
What does the water escape into?
Environment
244
Describe the capsule as a result of this water escape inhibition
Resistant
245
What is the capsule resistant to?
Drying
246
The ingestion by what is inhibited by the capsule?
Phagocytes
247
What is the capsule considered as, as a result of ingestion inhibition by phagocytes?
Virulence factor
248
What can the capsule also be considered as?
| 2 points
Reserve
| Depot
249
What is the capsule considered as a reserve for?
Certain nutrients
250
What is the capsule considered as a depot for?
Waste products
251
What does the Capsule help in?
Bacterial attachment
252
What does the Capsule help the bacteria to attach to?
Surface
253
Which surface does the Capsule help the bacteria to attach to?
Target
254
What is an example of a bacteria that adhere to a target surface?
Sterptococcus mutans
255
What is the target surface which the Sterptococcus mutans adhere to?
Tooth
256
Which part of the tooth does the Sterptococcus mutans adhere to?
Enamel
257
Which layer present in the Sterptococcus mutans adheres to the tooth enamel?
Glycocalyx
258
Describe Appendages
Proteins
259
What are the Appendages attached to?
Cell surface
260
What do the Appendages project through?
Cell wall
261
What are the 2 types of Appendages?
Flagella
| Pili
262
Which proteins make up the flagella?
Flagellin
263
Describe this Flagellin
Antigenic
264
What are the Flagella responsible for in some bacteria?
Motility
265
What do the Flagella respond to? (2 points)
Chemical foodstuffs
| Toxic materials
266
Describe these Chemical foodstuffs
Specific
267
Which process is used by the flagella to respond to these specific chemical foodstuffs and toxic material?
Chemotaxis
268
How does the flagella respond to these specific chemical foodstuffs and toxic material in Chemotaxis?
Move towards or away from them
269
Which microscopy cannot be used when observing Flagella?
Light
270
What is the Pili known as?
Fimbriae
271
Describe Pili
Projections
272
What do these projections look like?
Hair
273
What do the Pili allow?
Adhesion
274
What do the Pili allow adhesion to?
Epithelial surface
275
Which epithelial surface do the pili allow adhesion to?
Host
276
Where do the pili allow adhesion to host epithelial surface?
Infection
277
What are some pili involved in?
Sexual conjugation
278
What are the pili involved in sexual conjugation known as?
F factor
279
Describe this F factor
Long
280
What is the function of this F factor?
Transfer
281
What is does this F factor transfer?
DNA
282
What is does this F factor transfer DNA between?
Bacterial cells
283
What is a type of pili?
Axial filaments
284
What is the axial filaments made of?
Fibers
285
Describe the occurrence of these fibers in the axial filaments
Groups
286
How many groups of fibers are found in the axial filaments
2
287
What are these axial filaments responsible for?
Motility
288
What bacterial subform has these axial filaments?
Spirochetes
289
Which part of the cell do these axial filaments originate from?
Opposite ends
290
Describe the 2 movements of the axial filaments
Winding
| Overlapping
291
What does the axial filaments wind about?
Bacterium
292
Within what does the axial filaments wind about the bacterium?
Periplasmic membrane
293
Where does the axial filaments overlap at?
Midpoint
294
What are the 3 movement of the Spirochetes generated as a result of the 2 axial filaments movements?
Rotation
Flexion
Bend
295
What does the Spirochetes rotate along?
Axis
296
Describe this axis
Longitudinal
297
What feature of the Spirochetes does it flex and bend along?
Length
298
According to what are bacteria identified?
Position of Endospores
299
What is an example of a bacteria which is identified by the position of Endospores?
Cl.Tetani
300
What is the position of the Endospores in Cl.Tetani?
Terminal
301
What forms the Endospores?
Some bacteria
302
Which 2 bacteria are the Endospores most commonly found in?
Genera:
bacillus
clostridium
303
Describe these Endospores
Resistant
304
What do these Endospores resist?
| 3 points
Adverse conditions
Heat
Disinfectant
305
What are the 2 adverse conditions which these Endospores resist to?
Lack of nutrients
| Change of growth requirements
306
What are the 3 growth requirements which are changed?
pH
Temperature
Oxygen tension
307
What happens to the Endospores when the good nutritional conditions are restored back?
Germinate
308
What do the Endospores produce when they germinate?
Vegetative cells
309
How many vegetative cells does the Endospores produce when they germinate?
Single
310
What is involved in the heat resistance of these Endospores?
Calcium dipicolinate
311
Where are these Calcium dipicolinate found in these Endospores?
Cytoplasm
312
Describe the cytoplasm of these Endospores
Dehydrated
313
What is also affected in these Endospores?
Metabolic activity
314
Describe the metabolic activity in the Endospores
Low
315
What 2 features of the bacteria do Endospores lack?
Growth
| Multiplication
316
What has a role in the process of Sporulation?
Cytoplasmic membrane
317
What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in the process of Sporulation?
Encloses part of the cytoplasm
318
What is this part of the cytoplasm enclosed in?(2 points)
Cortex
| Coat
319
Describe the thickness of this cortex
Thick
320
What is the function of this thick cortex?
Resistance
321
What does this thick cortex resist?
Water evaporation
322
What does this part of the cytoplasm contain? (2 points)
Chromosome
| Ribosomes
323
What are the other materials which are present in this part of the cytoplasm needed for?
Germination
324
What is the temperature where the Endospores are heated up to when they resist to disinfectant?
100°C
325
What are the Endospores only killed by?
Moist heat
326
At which temperature are the Endospores heated to, by moist heat?
120°C
327
For how long does the moist heating at 120°C last in order to kill the Endospores?
20 min
328
What is the alternative temperature at which the Endospores are heated to, by moist heat?
134°C
329
For how long does the moist heating at 134°C last in order to kill the Endospores?
10 min
330
Which stain cannot be used with Endospores?
Gram stain
331
What are the 2 features of the Endospore which prevent it from being stained by Gram stain?
Cortex
| Coat
332
Describe the Endospores when stained with Gram stain
Colorless
333
Which stain is used with Endospores?
Ziehl-Nelseen
334
Describe the Ziehl-Nelseen stain used with the Endospores
Modified
335
What is this modified Ziehl-Nelseen stain known as?
Spore stain
336
What is the color of the Endospores with this spore stain?
Red
337
Describe the resistance of Gram Negative bacteria to drying
Low
