Infection Control Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Define the 2 types of infections are prevented in infection control
A
Health care acquired
Nosocomial
2
Q
During what does the nosocomial infection is acquired?
A
Hospitalization
3
Q
Describe the nosocomial infection upon admission (2 points)
A
Absent
Unincubated
4
Q
When does the nosocomial infection occur?
A
After 72 hours
5
Q
What could the nosocomial infection be extended to?
A
1 year
6
Q
After what could the nosocomial infection be extended to 1 year?
A
Prosthesis insertion
7
Q
What is the proportionality of the patients which have nosocomial infections?
A
3 in 100 patients
8
Q
Which countries are where 3 in 100 patients are affected with nosocomial infections in?
A
Developed
9
Q
What does the infection control reduce?
A
Health care cost
10
Q
Describe the infection in which the infection control has to be important for
A
Fatal
11
Q
What could be out of work if infected?
A
Health care personnel
12
Q
What are the 5 commonest hospital-acquired infection?
A
Urinary tract Respiratory tract Surgical site Food born Hepatitis
13
Q
What are the patients treated in which attributes hospital-acquired infection?
A
Close quarters
14
Q
What are these patients subjected to?
2 points
A
Frequent contacts
Invasive procedures
15
Q
What are the 3 invasive procedures which the patients are subjected to?
A
Catheterization
Inhalation therapy
Surgical interference
16
Q
What does the Catheterization do?
A
Open the way
17
Q
What does the Catheterization open the way to?
A
Bacteria
18
Q
What is involved in Inhalation therapy?
A
Moisture
19
Q
What does this moisture help?
A
Growth
20
Q
What does this moisture help the growth of?
A
Gram Negative Bacilli
21
Q
What is lost in the Surgical interference?
2 points
A
Immunity
Skin
22
Q
What is used which attributes hospital-acquired infection?
A
Antibiotics
23
Q
What do the antibiotics help the appearance of?
A
Drug-resistant bacteria
24
Q
Which 4 patients are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections?
A
Newborns
Elderly
Seriously ill
Long term
25
Describe these Newborns
Premature
26
Where are the seriously ill patients which are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections? (3 points)
Burn unit
Surgical intensive care units (SICU)
Critical care units (CCU)
27
What is the percentage of the health-care acquired organisms which are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
70%
28
What are the 2 examples of health-care acquired organisms?
Gram positive
| Gram negative bacilli
29
What are the 2 examples of gram positive in which 70% of them are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA
| Enterococci
30
What are the 2 examples of gram negative bacilli in which 70% of them are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
| Klebsiella
31
Among what does the 70% of the gram negative bacilli is especially being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
Neonates
32
What are the 6 health care workers on the hospital which are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections?
```
Doctors
Nurse
Laboratory
Central supply
Sterilizing department (CSSD)
Laundry personnel
```
33
Which 3 infections are these health workers at a high risk of?
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
34
What is an aim of infection control procedures?
Cleanliness
35
What is used as the other aim of infection control procedures?
Protective measures
36
What is the vital procedure in cleanliness?
Hand-washing
37
When to wash your hands? (2 points)
Before and after contact with patient
| After handling contaminated items
38
What are the 4 protective measures used?
Gloves
Mask
Cap
Boots
39
What are the 3 modes of infection spread in the hospital?
Contact
Transmission
Inoculation
40
What can the infection be associated with which is considered as a mode of infection?
Water
41
What can the infection be acquired from which is considered as a mode of infection? (4 points)
Food
Contaminated infusion
Environment
Equipment
42
What are the 2 modes of infection spread in the hospital by contact ?
Direct
| Indirect
43
What is the most common way of transmit ion of infection in the hospital?
Direct contact
44
What is an example of direct contact?
Skin-to-skin
45
What is an example of a skin-to-skin contact?
Handshaking
46
What are the 2 examples of bacteria transmitted by direct contact?
S.aureus
| Gram negative bacilli
47
What is an example of a gram negative bacilli which is transmitted by direct contact?
Klebsiella
48
What are the 3 examples of viruses transmitted by direct contact?
Respiratory syncetial virus
Hepatitis A
Rhinoviruses
49
What is an example of a fungus transmitted by direct contact?
Yeast
50
What is an example of a yeast transmitted by direct contact?
Candida
51
What does the susceptible patient come in contact with indirectly?
Contaminated inanimate surfaces
52
What can transmit infection by the indirect contact?
Rectal thermometer
53
What can the rectal thermometer transmit?
Salmonella spp.
54
What does the transmission occur by which is a mode of infection spread in the hospital?
Air
55
What is the infection which is transmitted by the air produced by?
(4 points)
Coughing
Sneezing
Talking
Suctioning
56
What can the infection which is transmitted by the air also be produced by?
Bronchoscopy
57
What are the 2 mechanisms of air transmission?
Droplet
Air-born
Vector born
58
What is the unit used to measure the droplets?
Microns
59
What is the size of this droplet?
>5 microns
60
Where do these droplets rapidly settle out on?
Surface
61
What are these droplets intransmissible beyond?
Few centimeters from the source
62
Which bacteria leads to droplets formation?
Most
63
What are the 2 viruses that lead to droplets formation?
Influenza
| Rubella
64
What is the air-born produced by?
Droplet
65
What unit is used to measure the droplets?
Microns
66
What is the size of this droplet?
<5 microns
67
What happens to the suspended in droplets in air?
Remain
68
Describe the periods in which the droplets will be suspended in air
Long
69
What do these droplets reach once inhaled?
Alveoli
70
What is the bacteria that causes air-born infection?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
71
What are the 2 viruses that causes air-born infection?
Measles
| Varicella
72
What is the fungus that causes air-born infection?
Aspergillus
73
What is involved in the vector born transmission in the hospital?
Flies
74
Describe the transmission that could occur by flies in vector born transmission in the hospital
Rare
75
What can lead to vector born transmission in the hospital?
| 2 points
Shigella
| Salmonella
76
What is an example of a vector born transmission?
Malaria
77
What is the malaria transmitted by?
Mosquito bites
78
What reduce the transmission of infection by incubation?
Disposable needles
79
How many times are these disposable needles used?
Once
80
What are the infections of main risk of injuries caused by?
Viruses
81
What are the 3 viruses which are the main risk of injuries that cause infections?
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV
82
What is an example of a microorganism that causes an infection associated with water?
Pseudomonas
83
Which areas do the Pseudomonas multiply in?
Moist
84
What are the simple requirements that the pseudomonas have?
Growth
85
What are the pseudomonas resistant to?
| 2 points
Antibiotics
| Disinfectants
86
Where is the pseudomonas present in?
| 6 points
```
Mouth-wash
Dental water units
Oxygen humidifiers
Hot baths
Plants
Flowers
```
87
What can the hospital food be a source of?
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
88
What do these antibiotic resistant bacteria do?
Colonization
89
What do these antibiotic resistant bacteria colonize?
Gut
90
Which patients do these antibiotic resistant bacteria cause infection in?
Susceptible
91
What is an example of this antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Salmonella spp
92
What is failed causing infection from contaminated infusion?
Sterilization
93
During what does this sterilization fail causing an infection from contaminated infusion?
Manufacture
94
What does a heavily contaminated infusion fluid cause?
Endotoxins shock
95
What does the immediate heavily contaminated environment could be a potential source of? (2 points)
Air born
| Direct contact
96
What are the 3 equipments which spread infections in the hospitals?
Bed pans
Urinal
Endoscopes
97
Which bacteria spread infections via bed pans and urinal? (2 points)
Enteric
| Antibiotic resistant gram negative bacilli
98
What is difficult to be done with Endoscopes?
Disinfection
99
What are the 3 bacteria that spread infections via Endoscopes?
S.typhi
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hepatitis B
100
What is not isolated in the modern isolation practices?
Disease
101
What is not isolated in the modern isolation practices?
Patient
102
What are the 2 types of precautions?
Standard
| Transmission-based
103
Describe the standard precautions
Universal
104
The transmission of what is reduced in the standard precautions?
Pathogens
105
Which pathogen’s transmission is reduced by the standard precautions?
(2 points)
Blood born
| Moist body substance
106
Describe the infections in which these pathogen’s transmission are reduced from (2 points)
Recognizes
| Unrecognized
107
What is avoided to achieve the reduction of this transmission? (2 points)
Needle-stick injury
| Wearing gloves
108
What are discarded as a standard precaution?
Sharps
109
Where are all sharps discarded in?
Puncture-resistant container
110
What are the 4 transmission-based precautions?
Air-born
Droplet
Contact
Protective
111
The transmission of what is reduced in the transmission-based precaution?
Infections
112
Describe the patients in which the risk of their infection is reduced by transmission-based precaution (2 points)
Infected
| Colonized
113
Describe the pathogens where these patients are colonized with
Highly transmissible
114
What happens to the patient in air-born precaution?
Isolated
115
Describe the room where this person isolated in (3 points)
Private
Negative
Pressured
116
How is this patient isolated by?
Wearing special nasal mask
117
What is invoked in droplet precaution?
Mask
118
Where is the worn?
Close contact
119
What are introduced in the contact precaution which are always accompanied by reduction of infection rate? (2 points)
Hand-washing
| Antiseptics
120
What is responsible for the elimination of most pathogens in contact precaution?
Alcoholic preparations
121
Which patients is the protective precaution used for?
Immuno-compromised
122
What are the 6 patients in immuno-compromised patients?
```
Neutropenic
Immunodeficienct
Severe burns
Transplant
Leukemia
Receiving radiotherapy
```
123
What is a single most important measure used to reduce the risk of transmission of infection and done in all precautions?
Handwashing
124
What is recommended to remove all bacteria? (2 points)
Simple soap
| Water handwashing
125
Which bacteria are all removed?
Transient
126
For how long should a hand be washed by water?
10 seconds
127
What can or cannot be worn while handwashing by water or using a simple soap?
Gloves
128
When may handwashing be necessary?
Between procedures
129
On which patient may handwashing be necessary to be done between procedures?
Same
130
What is prevented when handwashing between procedures on the same patient?
Cross-contamination
131
Cross-contamination of what is prevented when handwashing between procedures on the same patient?
Different body sites
132
What are the 2 roles of Microbiology in infection control?
Monitoring
| Investigations
133
What does the microbiology monitor?
Routine
134
What is involved in routine monitoring?
| 3 points
Testing
Renal dialysis unit
Bacterial air count
135
What is tested?
Sterilization efficacy
136
The sterilization efficacy of what is tested? (3 points)
Autoclave
Ethylene oxide
Plasma sterilizer
137
What is used to test their sterilization efficacy?
Indicators
138
Which indicators are used to test their sterilization efficacy?
Biological
| Chemical
139
What is done in renal dialysis unit?
Bacterial count
140
How many times does the bacterial count done in renal dialysis?
Monthly
141
What is the bacterial count done for?
| 2 points
Water tanks
| Dailysate
142
The bacterial count of also what is done monthly?
Operation room
143
When are investigations done?
In outbreak of infections
144
What do the investigations which are done in the outbreak of infection determine about the infection?
Source
145
What are the 12 high risk-hospital areas which are in any infection program?
```
Adult
Pediatric
Neonatal CCU
ICU
Operating theatre
Renal dialysis unit
Central supply and sterilizing department (CSSD)
Emergency room
Pharmacy
Blood back
Out-patients
Dental clinic
```
146
Which is the infection control program done in the pharmacy?
Total parenteral nutrition
