Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What does bacterial Pathogenesis depend on? (3 points)

A

Host immune status
Nature/ Virulence of species/strain
Organisms number in the initial exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 bacterial classifications?

A

Saprophytic
Non-pathogenic
Opportunistic
Pathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is Saprophytic present in?

A

Nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where can Saprophytic be found in?

3 points

A

Air
Water
Soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Non-pathogenic bacteria

A

Harmless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 Non-pathogenic bacteria?

A

Normal flora

Commensals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do Non-pathogenic bacteria live in?

A

Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where can Non-pathogenic bacteria be found in humans?

A

Skin

Gut (GIT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 non-pathogenic bacteria which are found on the Skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
S. epidermidis
Propioni-bacterium acnes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 non-pathogenic bacteria which are found in the Gut (GIT)?

A

Bacteroides

Enterobacteriaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where can Opportunistic bacteria be found in?

A

Immuno-compromised patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the opportunistic bacteria exploit in an immuno-compromised patient?

A

Weakened defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can the opportunistic bacteria cause?

A

Infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of an opportunistic bacteria that causes infectious
diseases

A

Normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does Normal flora cause infectious diseases?

A

When it enters bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When would it enter the bloodstream?

A

After surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Pathogenic bacteria cause?

A

Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where can Pathogenic bacteria cause disease in?

A

Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the outcome of an infection depend on? (2 points)

A

Pathogen’s virulence

Effectiveness of host defense mechanisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Superinfection

A

The occurrence of a new infection after a pre-existing infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can Superinfection complicate?

A

Antimicrobial therapy course

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When can Superinfection complicate Antimicrobial therapy course?

A

When the organism causing the new infection is resistant to the drugs being used to treat the first infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give an example where Superinfection can occur

A

Viral respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

From where are most bacterial infections obtained?

A

External sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 6 stages of bacterial pathogenesis?
``` Transmission Escape Colonization Disease symptoms Responses Disease progression/resolution ```
26
Between what are bacteria transmitted?
External source to entry portal
27
What are the 6 modes of bacterial transmission?
``` Inhalation Contact Ingestion Injection Trans-placental Sexual contact. ```
28
What does bacteria escape from?
Host defense mechanisms
29
Define Colonization
Bacterial growth at entry site
30
What causes the symptoms of the disease?
Toxins production Invasion Inflammation
31
From where does a response come from?
Host
32
What does the host response triggers?
Immune response
33
What are the 2 determinants of bacterial pathogenesis?
Pathogenicity | Virulence
34
Define Pathogenicity
Host organism ability of disease production
35
Define Virulence
Microbe pathogenicity degree
36
What are the 2 ways in which Virulent bacteria produce disease in humans?
Microbe adherence | Invasion and intercellular survival
37
What does the microbe adhere to?
Cell surfaces
38
What are the two factors that are involved in microbe adherence to cell surfaces?
Receptor | Adhesion
39
Where is the receptor found on?
Tissue cell
40
Where is the adhesion found on?
Bacteria
41
Define tissue tropism
Receptor and adhesion interaction
42
Describe the interaction of the Receptor and the Adhesion? (2 points)
Complementary | Specific
43
Give an example of by how does a microbe adhere to cell surfaces
Fimbriae (pili)
44
What does the microbe do to facilitate its invasion? (2 points)
Produce extracellular substances | Inhibit phagocytic engulfment/adsorption
45
What are these extracellular substances produced?
Enzymes
46
What are the enzymes produced by the microbe? (11 points)
``` Hyaluronidase Collagenase Neuraminidase Streptokinase Staphylokinase 3 enzymes that cause hemolysis/leucolysis Protease Deoxyribonuclease Coagulase ```
47
Describe Hyaluronidase
The original spreading factor
48
What does Hyaluronidase break down?
Hyaluronic acid
49
Where is Hyaluronic acid present in?
Connective Tissue
50
Which bacteria produces Hyaluronidase?
Streptococci
51
What does Collagenase break down?
Muscles collagen
52
What does Collagenase facilitate?
Infection
53
What does Collagenase cause when produced?
Gas gangrene
54
Which bacteria produces Collagenase?
Clostridium
55
What does Neuraminidase break down? | 2 points
Neuraminic acid | Sialic acid
56
Describe Neuraminic acid/Sialic acid
Intercellular cement
57
Where is this intercellular cement found in?
Intestinal mucosal epithelium
58
Which bacteria produces Neuraminidase?
Haemophilus influenzae
59
What do Streptokinase and Staphylokinase convert?
Inactive Plasminogen to Plasmin
60
What does Plasmin digest?
Fibrin
61
What does Plasmin prevent?
Blood clotting
62
What are the 2 bacteria that produce Streptokinase and Staphylokinase?
Streptococci | Staphylococci
63
What are the 3 enzymes that cause hemolysis/leucolysis?
Lecithinases Hemolysins Leukocidins
64
What do these enzymes usually act on?
Cell membrane
65
What does Lecithinases breaks down?
Cell membrane lecithin
66
What does Hemolysins break down?
RBCs
67
What does Leukocidins break down?
Leucocytes | Phagocytes
68
What is an example of Protease?
Immunoglobulin
69
What does Immunoglobulin Protease break down?
IgA
70
What does Deoxyribonuclease break down?
DNA
71
What does Coagulase convert?
Fibrinogen to Fibrin deposit
72
Where will Fibrin deposit be found?
Around bacteria
73
What does Fibrin deposit protect bacteria from?
Phagocytosis
74
Which bacteria produces Coagulase?
Staphylococcus aureus
75
What are the 5 substances which bacteria carry that inhibit phagocytic adsorption or engulfment?
``` Cell wall proteins Capsule Coagulase Ig A proteases Intercellular survival ability ```
76
Where are these bacterial substances found?
On its surface
77
What are the 2 cell wall proteins?
M | A
78
Which type of bacteria have cell wall proteins?
Gram positive cocci
79
What is the group of protein M which is present in gram positive cocci?
A
80
Which bacteria has protein M of group A?
Streptococci (S.pyogenes)
81
Which bacteria has protein A?
Staphylococcus aureus
82
What does Capsule prevent?
Phagocytes attachment to bacterial cells
83
What are the 2 bacteria that have Capsule?
S. pneumoniae | Haemophilus influenzae
84
What are their Capsule made of?
Polysaccharide
85
What is involved in the Intercellular bacterial survival ability?
Phagosome
86
How does the bacteria react to the Phagosome?
Escape
87
Which bacteria escape Phagosome?
Listeria
88
What does the bacteria do to the Phagosome fusion?
Inhibit it
89
Which bacteria inhibit Phagosome fusion?
Mycobacteria
90
What are the 2 types of toxins that bacteria produce?
Exotoxins | Endotoxins
91
What are Exotoxins made of?
Protein
92
Which bacterial cells release Exotoxins?
Living
93
Which type of bacteria mainly release Exotoxins?
Gram positive
94
Which type of bacterial certain species release Exotoxins?
Gram negative
95
What are the genes that code for Exotoxins located?
Plasmid | Bacteriophage
96
Describe the level of toxicity of Exotoxins
High
97
Describe the antigenicity of Exotoxins
High
98
Describe the action of Exotoxins
Specific
99
What is the site in which Exotoxins act at?
Tissue
100
What is the site in which Exotoxins don’t act at?
Bacterial growth
101
What converts Exotoxins?
Formalin
102
What does Formalin convert Exotoxins into?
Toxoid
103
When are Toxoid used in?
Active Immunization
104
What are Toxoid used as?
Vaccine
105
What feature of Exotoxins is lost when converted?
Toxicity
106
Which feature of Exotoxins is retained when converted?
Antigenicity
107
Give 2 examples of bacteria that release Exotoxins?
C.diphtheria | Clostridium tetani
108
At what temperature are Exotoxins labile?
60 °C
109
Where are the genes that code for Exotoxins are found in, C.diphtheria?
Phage
110
Where are the genes that code for Exotoxins are found in, in Clostridium tetani?
Plasmid
111
What are Endotoxins made of?
Lipopolysaccharides
112
Describe Endotoxins
Cell wall structural components
113
Which bacteria release Endotoxins?
Disintegrated
114
Which type of bacteria release Endotoxins?
Gram Negative
115
What type of cells also release Endotoxins?
Lysed
116
What are the causes of Endotoxins production by lysed cells? (2 points)
Effective host defense | Certain antibiotics activities
117
Give an example of an effective host defense
Lysozyme
118
Give 2 examples of antibiotics of certain activities
Penicillin | Cephalosporin
119
Where is the gene that codes for Endotoxins?
Chromosomes
120
Describe the level of toxicity of Endotoxins?
Low
121
Describe antigenicity of Endotoxins?
Poor
122
Describe the action of Endotoxins?
Non-specific
123
What does the action of Endotoxins cause? | 2 points
Fever | Shock
124
At what temperature is Endotoxins stable?
100 °C
125
For how long are Endotoxins stable at this temperature?
1 hour
126
Give an example of a bacteria that releases Endotoxins?
Meningococci
127
Describe this release
Sepsis

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions