Chapter 6 & 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Mutation
A
Change in base sequence of DNA
2
Q
What are the 2 ways in which the base sequence of DNA could be changed?
A
Spontaneously
or
Exposed to Mutagens
3
Q
Give 2 examples of Mutagens
A
Radiation
Chemicals
4
Q
Define Genotypic change
A
Change in base sequence of DNA
5
Q
What can Genotypic change cause?
A
Character changes
6
Q
Describe these character changes (2 points)
A
Persistent
Irreversible
7
Q
Define Phenotypic change
A
Changes in bacterial character
8
Q
Describe these bacterial character changes (2 points)
A
Temporary
Reversible
9
Q
When are these bacterial character changes become reversible?
A
Once environmental (external) condition is removed
10
Q
What is the purpose of Phenotypic change?
A
To respond to environmental (external) condition
11
Q
What is not changed in Phenotypic change?
A
Genetic Constitution
12
Q
What is an example of a bacteria that posses Phenotypic change?
A
L-form
13
Q
Which change is passed to daughter cells? Genotypic change or Phenotypic change?
A
Genotypic change
14
Q
What are the 3 ways in which bacterial gene is transferred?
A
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
15
Q
Between which cells is bacterial gene transferred?
A
Donor to Recipient
16
Q
Define Transformation
A
Uptake of Naked DNA
17
Q
Describe the occurrence of Transformation
A
Natural
18
Q
What is a Naked DNA?
A
DNA without associated:
Cells
or
Proteins
19
Q
What are the 2 forms of Naked DNA
A
Chromosome
Plasmid
20
Q
Which bacteria are these 2 forms found in?
A
Lysed
21
Q
What does Transformation increase?
A
Virulence
22
Q
Which Microorganism is used in Transduction?
A
Bacteriophage
23
Q
What are the 2 types of Transduction?
A
Generalized
Specialized
24
Q
Which bacterial genes are transferred in Generalized Transduction?
A
Any
25
What does Generalized Transduction occur during?
Lytic Cycle
26
What are the 2 forms of bacterial genes in Generalized Transduction
Chromosome
| Plasmid
27
Which bacterial genes are transferred in Specialized Transduction?
Certain
28
During when does Specialized Transduction occur?
Temperate Cycle
29
When exactly does Specialized Transduction occur during Temperate Cycle?
When Prophage:
Take adjacent genes
Replicate
30
Between which cells is bacterial gene transferred in Transduction?
From Male Donor to Female Recipient
31
Describe the direction in which DNA is transferred in Conjugative Transduction
One way
32
Through what feature is DNA transferred in Conjugative Transduction?
Sex Pili
33
What does Conjugative Transduction transfer DNA by?
Cells Physical contact
34
What is the function of Antimicrobial Agents?
Kill Microorganisms
35
What do Antimicrobial Agents kill Microorganisms for?
| 2 points
Therapy
Or
Prophylaxis
36
What are the 3 Antimicrobial Agents?
Antibiotics
Disinfectants
Antiseptics
37
Describe the production of Antibiotics
Natural
38
What produces Antibiotics?
Certain Microorganisms
39
What are the 2 Antibiotic effects?
Cidal
| Static
40
What is the Cidal effect on the Microorganism?
Killing
41
What is the Static effect on the Microorganism?
Inhibition
42
Describe Semisynthetic Antibiotics
Natural
43
Who modifies Semisynthetic Antibiotics?
Chemist
44
What synthesize Semisynthetic Antibiotics?
Chemicals
45
What is the function of Disinfectants and Antiseptics?
Kill microbes
46
Where do Disinfectants work on?
Non-living surfaces
47
Give examples of the Non-living surfaces that Disinfectants work on
Table
| Floor
48
Give an example to a Disinfectant
Chlore
49
Where do Antiseptics work on?
Living tissue
50
Give examples of the living tissue that Antiseptics work on
Skin
51
How do Antibiotics contribute to Selective Toxicity?
Antibiotics don't find microbes targets in human cell
52
Give an example of an Antibiotic that give rise to Selective Toxicity
Beta Lactam
53
Give an example of a Beta Lactam that give rise to Selective Toxicity
Penicillin
54
How does Beta Lactam Antibiotic work?
Inhibit Peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis
55
What is the effect of Beta Lactam Antibiotic on human cell?
Unaffected
56
Why isn't human cell affected by this drug's action?
Peptidoglycan Cell wall is absent in human cell
57
Define Action Spectrum
Microorganisms range
58
What is the Action Spectrum affected by?
Certain antibiotics
59
What are the 3 types of Antibiotic Spectrum Actions?
Broad
Narrow
Limited
60
Describe the range of bacteria affected by the Broad Spectrum action of antibiotics
Wide
61
Which 2 bacteria is Narrow Spectrum Mainly effective against?
Gram-Positive
Or
Gram-Negative
62
What is Limited Spectrum Action effective against? (2 points)
Single:
Organism
Or
Disease
63
What are the 5 Antimicrobial Agents Action?
```
Synthesis inhibitor for:
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Protein
Nucleic Acid
```
Competitive Antagonists
64
Describe Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors
Bactericidal
65
What do Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors target?
Bacterial Peptidoglycan synthesis steps
66
Which bacterial cells do Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors require?
Actively growing
67
Why do Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors require actively growing bacterial cells?
To produce toxins
68
Which bacteria are Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors highly active against?
Gram Positive
69
What are the 3 Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors?
Beta Lactam
Glycopeptide
Bacitracin
70
What steps of Cell Wall synthesis does Beta Lactam inhibit?
| 2 points
Initial
| Last
71
How does Beta Lactam affect the initial steps of Cell Wall synthesis?
Binds to cell receptors
72
What are the cell receptors that Beta Lactam bind to?
Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)
73
How does Beta Lactam affect the last steps of Cell Wall synthesis?
Inhibit Peptidoglycan synthesis
74
Give examples of Beta Lactam (2 points)
Penicillin
| Cephalosporin
75
What step of Cell Wall synthesis does Glycopeptide inhibit?
Early
76
How does Glycopeptide affect the early step of Cell Wall synthesis?
Inhibit Peptidoglycan Assembly
77
Give an example of Glycopeptide
Vancomycin
78
Describe Bacitracin
Highly Toxic
79
What is the result of Bacitracin being highly toxic?
Not used systemically
80
Describe Cell Membrane inhibitors
Microbicidal
81
What do Cell Membrane synthesis inhibitors target?
Cell Membrane's functions
82
What synthesis inhibitors have Selective Toxicity?
Cell Membrane
| Protein
83
What type of Selective Toxicity do Cell Membrane inhibitors have?
Narrow Margin
84
What causes Cell Membrane inhibitors to have Narrow Margin Selective Toxicity? (2 points)
Phospholipids similarities in membranes of:
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
85
Give an example of Cell Membrane inhibitor
Polymyxin
86
What are Protein Synthesis inhibitors highly active against?
Gram Negative Bacilli
87
What type of ribosomes present in Bacteria?
70s
88
What characteristics do most Protein Synthesis inhibitors have for the bacterial 70s ribosomes? (2 points)
Affinity
| Specificity
89
What type of ribosomes present in mammals?
80s
90
What is different between the ribosomes present in bacteria mammals?
Chemical Composition
| Functions
91
Give examples of Protein Synthesis inhibitors (6 points)
```
Tetracycline
Aminoglycoside
Chloramphenicol
Macrolide
Fusidic Acid
Clindamycin
```
92
State an example of Macrolide that inhibits Protein synthesis
Erythromycin
93
Describe the activity of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Selective
94
What do Bacterial Nucleic Acid synthesis target? (2 points)
DNA
| RNA
95
State the drug that inhibits Bacterial DNA synthesis
Quinolone
96
State the drug that inhibits Bacterial RNA synthesis
Rifampicin
97
Describe Competition Antagonism
Bacteriostatic
98
What is the function of Competition Antagonists?
Inhibit Folic Acid Synthesis
99
How do Competition Antagonists inhibit Folic Acid Synthesis?
Para-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) analogue competes with PABA for enzyme active site
100
Give examples of Competition Antagonists (2 points)
Sulfonamides
| Trimethoprim
101
What is the purpose of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing?
Measures in vitro antibiotic activity
102
Describe the measure of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (2 points)
Basic
| Quantitative
103
What are the 2 types of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing?
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
| Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
104
Describe Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) & Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
Antibiotic Lowest Concentration
105
What is the function of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?
Inhibits growth
106
Under what conditions does Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) inhibit the growth?
Standard
107
Define Antimicrobial Breakpoint
Drug concentration in serum with optimal dose
108
Describe the organisms with MIC below breakpoint
Sensitive
109
Describe the organisms with MIC above breakpoint
Resistant
110
What is the function of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)?
(2 points)
Kills 99.9% of original inoculum
| In a given time
111
How is Drug Vitro Activity is not always the same as Vivo Activity?
Host factors can affect Anti-Microbial concentration level at infection site
112
How many drugs are used in Combination Therapy?
2 or more
113
When is Combination Therapy used?
In special cases
114
What are the advantages of using Combination Therapy? (4 points)
```
Prevents arise of resistant strains
Exploit antibiotic synergism
Treat:
Emergency cases
Mixed infections
```
115
During what emergency cases does Combination Therapy treat?
Anonymous Etiological Diagnosis
116
Give examples of Antibiotic Synergism
| 2 points
Endocarditis
| Septicemia
117
What are the 2 effects of combination therapy?
Antibiotic:
Synergism
Antagonism
118
What is antibiotic synergism?
| 2 points
Combination antibiotics effect> Individual antibiotics sum effect
119
Give examples of antibiotic synergism
| 2 points
Vancomycin
| Gentamycin
120
These 2 antibiotics are used against which bacteria?
S.aureus
121
Describe S.aureus (2 points)
Multi-resistant
| MRSA
122
What is antibiotic antagonism?
| 2 points
Least effect antibiotic+ another antibiotic effects
123
Give examples of antibiotic antagonists
| 2 points
Imipenem
| Pipracillin
124
Describe Imipenem
Beta lactamase inducer
125
How does Imipenem affect Piperacillin?
Destroys it
126
What is involved in Indifference action?
2 drugs
127
What is the same for these 2 drugs?
| 2 points
Action
| Target
128
Which drug obtains the action?
Either of them
129
Give examples of drugs that trigger Indifference action
| 2 points
Vancomycin
| Cephalosprins
130
Describe Vancomycin & Cephalosprins
Cel wall synthesis inhibitors
131
What are the 5 factors that influence antibiotic choice?
Infection
Results
Drug toxicity potential
Duration
132
What are the 2 features of infection that influence the antibiotic choice?
Site
| Nature
133
What are the 2 results that influence the antibiotic choice?
Culture
| Sensitivity
134
What can the antibiotics determine?
Nature of infection
135
What are the 3 natures of infection?
Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
136
Which drugs are not used to treat 2 natures of infection?
Antibacterial drugs
137
What 2 natures of infections which are not treated by Antibacterial drugs?
Viral
| Fungal
138
What is the advantage derived from Culture and sensitivity results?
Proper antibiotic therapy
139
Which organ would the concentration of drug toxicity be increased in?
Liver
140
What condition would the concentration of drug toxicity be increased in?
Kidney failure
141
What is the range of the usual duration of antibiotics?
5-7 days
142
Describe the Antibiotic course given
| 2 points
Full
| Uninterrupted
143
Why is a full uninterrupted antibiotic course given?
To avoid resistant bacterial arise
144
What are the complications of Chemotherapy?
| 3 points
Toxicity
Allergy
Resistant bacteria
145
What are the 2 resistant bacterial complexes that lead to a chemotherapy
complication?
Arise
Superinfection
Or
Overgrowth
146
What are the 3 drugs that cause toxicity?
Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin
Aminoglycosides
147
What does Chloramphenicol cause as a result of toxicity?
Bone marrow depression
148
What does Streptomycin cause as a result of toxicity?
Deafness
149
Which nerves are affected so that deafness is caused?
8th cranial nerves
150
What do Aminoglycosides cause as a result of toxicity?
Renal failure
151
What are the 2 drugs that cause Allergy?
Penicillin
| Sulphonamides
152
What are the 2 types of Penicillin allergies?
Local
| Systemic
153
What does Sulfonamide cause as a result of allergic?
Dermatitis
154
When is bacterial resistance arise trigged?
| 3 points
Dose:
Low
Interrupted
Improper antibiotics choice
155
When is resistant bacterial superinfection/ overgrowth triggered?
After a prolong antibiotic treatment
156
What are the 2 resistant bacteria that undergo superinfection/overgrowth?
Candida
| Clostridium difficilis
157
What does Candida cause as a result of superinfection/overgrowth?
Oral thrush
158
What does Clostridium difficilis cause as a result of superinfection/overgrowth?
Pseudomembrane colitis
159
What causes the appearance of Antimicrobial resistance?
Antibiotics misuse
160
Where could antibiotics be misused in?
| 3 points
Human
Veterinary medicine
Agriculture
161
What are the 2 types of bacterial antibiotic resistance?
Inherent/Intrinsic/Natural
| Acquired
162
What does an organism’s antibiotic lack when its inherently resistant?
Transport system
| Molecule target
163
Give an example of an antibiotic molecule target
L form
164
What causes Acquired resistance?
Bacterial genome changes
165
What is acquired resistance triggered by?
Bacterial genetic processes
166
What are the 2 bacterial genetic processes that trigger acquired resistance?
Mutation & Selection
| Gene exchange
167
What are the 2 evolutionary ways of gene transfer?
Vertical
| Horizontal
168
What happens when a drug is introduced?
Resistance appears
169
What is the evolutionary way in which gene is transferred in selective pressure?
Vertical
170
Which strains does the antibiotic select in selective pressure?
Resistant strains
171
Between what does gene exchange occur?
Strains
| Species
172
What is the evolutionary way in which gene is transferred in gene exchange?
Horizontal
173
What are the 4 ways in which resistant genes can be obtained by from another organism?
Plasmid
Phage
Transposon
Integron
174
What do the genes obtained by the 4 ways code for?
Enzyme production
175
What is the function of these enzymes?
Destroy Antibacterial drugs
176
What are the 2 factors involved in the mechanism of resistance?
Antimicrobial agent
| Pathway
177
How is the antimicrobial agent affected during bacterial resistance?
Inactivated
178
What are the 2 main features of an antimicrobial agent that are altered?
Permeability
| Target site
179
How is the antimicrobial agent inactivated?
By enzyme production
180
What are the 2 enzymes that inactivate the antimicrobial agent?
Beta lactamase
| Acetyl transferase
181
What is the effect of these 2 enzymes on the antibiotics?
Destruction
182
What are the 2 antibiotics which are destroyed by Beta lactamase?
Penicillin
| Cephalosporin
183
What is the antibiotic which is destroyed by Acetyl transferase?
Chloramphenicol
184
What is the effect of the permeability alteration on the antimicrobial agent?
Unable to enter bacterial cell
185
What is the antimicrobial agent which is unable to enter bacterial cell after the alteration of its permeability?
Imipenem
186
What is the name of the bacteria which Imipenem is unable to enter into after the alteration of the its permeability?
Pseudomonas
187
What are the 2 altered target sites in an antimicrobial agent?
Receptors
| Ribosomal units
188
What is an example of a receptor which is modified due to the alteration of the target site of antimicrobial agent?
Penicillin binding protein (PBP)
189
What are the 2 modifications of Penicillin binding protein (PBP) receptors?
MRSA
| Resistant S. pneumonia.
190
What are the 2 antibiotics affected by ribosomal units alteration?
Erythromycin
| Aminoglycoside
191
How is the sensitive pathway replaced?
New enzyme obtained
192
Give an example of Sensitive pathway replacement
Folic acid
193
What is the antibiotic involved in Sensitive pathway replacement
Trimethoprim
194
What feature is new for the synthesis of folic acid?
Metabolic pathway
195
What is the result of having a new metabolic pathway for folic acid synthesis?
Trimethoprim resistance
196
Define Cross Resistance
The possibility of a microorganism to be resistant to another drug after bein resistant to the first drug
197
What could both drugs have making them ineffective against a resistant bacteria?
Same action
| Similar chemical structure
198
But what is different in both drug?
Types of aminoglycosides
199
Define Chemoprophylaxis
Antimicrobial prevent disease occurrence
200
Where does Chemoprophylaxis occur in?
Surgery time
Immuno-compromised patient
People with normal immunity exposed to certain pathogens
201
Give an example of Chemoprophylaxis at surgery time
Anaesthesia
202
Describe the time when antimicrobial is given in Anaesthesia
Pre-operative
203
Give an example of an inflammation prevented in a surgery of immuno-compromised patient
Endocarditis
204
What is the type of this surgery?
Dental
205
Which case requires antimicrobial to be used to prevent Endocarditis?
Damaged valves
206
Give 2 examples of damaged valves
Heart
| Prosthetic
207
Give an example of an antimicrobial used in people with normal immunity who have been exposed to certain pathogens
Rifampicin
208
What do patients suffer from in order to be given Rifampicin?
Meiningo-coccal meningitis
