Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 bacterial growth requirements?
A
Metal ions Energy sources Need/Lack of oxygen Optimum temperature pH
2
Q
What are the 5 bacterial nutritional growth requirements?
A
Metal ions Organic carbon sources Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur
3
Q
What is an example of these metal ions?
A
Iron
4
Q
What do the bacteria obtain their energy from? (2 points)
A
Light
Chemical reactions
5
Q
What are the bacteria that obtain their energy from light known as?
A
Phototrophs
6
Q
What are the bacteria that obtain their energy from chemical reactions known as?
A
Chemotrophs
7
Q
What are the 2 forms of Carbon which the bacteria obtain?
A
Organic
CO2
8
Q
What are the bacteria that obtain organic carbon known as?
A
Heterotrophs
9
Q
Which bacteria do these heterotrophs include?
A
Most pathogenic
10
Q
What are the bacteria that obtain CO2 known as?
A
Autotrophs
11
Q
What are the 5 classifications of bacteria according to their oxygen requirements?
A
Strict:
Aerobes
Anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Microaerophilic
Aerotolerant anaerobes
12
Q
Describe the presence of oxygen in Strict Aerobes growth
A
A must
13
Q
What cannot be carried out by Strict Aerobes?
A
Fermentation
14
Q
What do Strict Aerobes lack?
A
Catalase
Superoxide Dismutase
15
Q
What is an example of Strict Aerobic bacteria?
A
Pseudomonas
16
Q
What happens to Strict Anaerobes in presence of oxygen?
A
Killed
17
Q
What do Strict Anaerobes lack?
A
Catalase
Superoxide Dismutase
Peroxidase
18
Q
What is an example of Strict Anaerobes?
A
Bacteroides
19
Q
What do the Facultative Anaerobes do to their growth?
A
Switch
20
Q
What do the Facultative Anaerobes switch between?
A
Metabolic types
21
Q
What are the 2 metabolic types which Facultative Anaerobes switch between?
A
Aerobic
Anaerobic
22
Q
What is an example of Facultative Anaerobic bacteria?
A
Staphylococci
23
Q
What happens to Microaerophilic bacteria in presence of oxygen?
A
Grow well
killed
24
Q
Which oxygen do Microaerophilic bacteria grow well at?
A
Low concentrations
25
Which oxygen are Microaerophilic bacteria killed at?
High concentrations
26
What are 3 examples of Microaerophilic bacteria?
Vibrio
Helicobacter
Campylobacter
27
What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes do with oxygen?
Tolerance
28
What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes cannot do with oxygen?
Usage
29
What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes live by?
Fermentation
30
What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes have?
Superoxide Dismutase
31
What is an example of Aerotolerant Anaerobic bacteria?
Clostridium perfringes
32
Define Oxygen Tolerance
Bacterial ability to detoxify aerobic respiration by-products
33
What are these 2 aerobic respiration by-products?
Superoxide
| Hydrogen peroxide
34
What are the 2 enzymes produced by the bacteria that detoxify these 2 aerobic respiration by-products?
Superoxide dismutase
| Catalase
35
What is the function of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase so they detoxify these 2 aerobic respiration by-products?
Conversion
36
What does Superoxide Dismutase convert?
Superoxide
37
What does Superoxide Dismutase convert Superoxide to?
Hydrogen Peroxide
38
Which 2 bacteria produce Superoxide Dismutase?
Aerobic
| Aerotolerant
39
What does Catalase convert?
Hydrogen Peroxide
40
What does Catalase convert Hydrogen Peroxide? (2 points)
Water
| Oxygen
41
Which bacteria produce Catalase?
Aerobic
42
How is sugar metabolism achieved? (3 points)
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
43
What is the most common pathway?
Glycolysis
44
What is stored in Glycolysis?
Chemical energy
45
What is this chemical energy needed for?
Biosynthetic purposes
46
What are the 2 forms in which this chemical energy is stored as, in Glycolysis?
ATP
| NADH
47
What are the 3 types of respiration?
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fermentation
48
What is involved in Aerobic and Anaerobic respirations?
Final hydrogen recipient
49
Describe the state of this hydrogen
Electron
50
What is this final hydrogen recipient in Aerobic respiration?
O2 molecule
51
Which aerobic respiration process involves this O2 molecule?
Oxidation
52
What is this final hydrogen recipient in Anaerobic respiration?
Inorganic molecule
53
When does the Fermentation occurs?
Oxygen absence
54
What is produced by these 3 types of respiration?
Energy
55
Describe the energy production by Aerobic respiration in contrast with the other 2 types
Higher
56
How many ATP molecules are produced by Aerobic respiration?
38
57
Describe the energy production by Anaerobic respiration in contrast with the other 2 types
Small
58
Describe the energy production by Fermentation in contrast with the other 2 types
Least
59
What is the bacteria that need higher amount of CO2 known as?
Capnophilic
60
What are the 2 Capnophilic bacteria?
Neisseria
| Brucella
61
Describe the temperature varieties where the bacteria grow in (2 points)
From close to freezing
| To close to water boiling point
62
What are the bacteria that grow at a high temperature known as?
Thermophiles
63
What is the specific temperature where the Thermophiles grow at?
>60°C
64
What is a Thermophilic bacteria?
B.stearo-thermophylus
65
Which pH do many bacteria grow well in?
Neutral
66
Which pH do certain bacteria survive in?
Acidic
67
What is the acidic pH where certain bacteria survive at?
4 or less
68
What is an example of the certain bacteria which survive in acidic pH?
Lactobacilli
69
What are the 4 bacterial growth phases?
Lag
Exponential
Stationary
Death
70
When does Lag phase occur immediately after?
Cells inoculation
71
What are cells inoculated into?
Medium
72
Describe this medium
Fresh
73
Describe the initial number of bacteria in the Log phase
Constant
74
What occurs in the Log phase?
Enzyme synthesis
75
Why do cells synthesize enzymes in the Log phase?
To adapt
76
What do these cells use enzymes to adapt to?
Environment
77
Which environment do these cells adapt to?
External
78
What doesn't occur in the Log phase?
Cell division
79
What is Exponential phase also known as?
Logarithmic
80
What occurs in the Exponential phase?
| 2 points
Cell division
| Reproduction
81
Describe this cell division
Regular
82
Describe the rate of this cell division
Constant
83
What do these cells divide and reproduce by?
Binary fission
84
What happens to these cells during cell division and reproduction?
Elongate
85
What happens to the double strands of the DNA during cell division and reproduction?
Separate
86
What does each strand of the DNA act as during cell division and reproduction?
A template
87
For what does each strand of the DNA act as a template during cell division and reproduction?
Synthesis
88
What is synthesized during cell division and reproduction?
Strand
89
Which strand is synthesized during cell division and reproduction?
Daughter
90
What is seen during cell division and reproduction?
A septum
91
Describe this septum
Transverse
92
From where does this transverse septum
| come from? (2 points)
Membrane
| Cell wall
93
What is the function of this transverse septum during cell division and reproduction?
Division
94
What does this transverse septum divide?
Cytoplasm
95
What does this transverse septum divide the cytoplasm into?
Parts
96
How many parts does this transverse septum divide the cytoplasm into?
2
97
Describe these 2 parts of the cytoplasm
Equal
98
What do these 2 equal parts of the cytoplasm have?
A copy
99
A copy of what is present in these 2 equal parts of the cytoplasm have?
Chromosome
100
What will then happen to the cell during cell division and reproduction? (2 points)
Splits
Or
Remain attached
101
What does this cell split into?
Daughter cells
102
How many daughter cells does this cell split into?
2
103
What are the 3 forms where the cell remains attached as?
Pairs
Chains
Clusters
104
What is the rate of growth in the Exponential phase known as?
Generation/Doubling time
105
What occurs in the Stationary phase?
| 2 points
Sporulation
| Antibiotics production
106
What happens to the growth rate in the Stationary phase?
Slows
107
Describe the growth rate in the Stationary phase
Constant
108
What is the slowing of the growth rate in the Stationary phase is due to? (3 points)
Depletion
Exhaustion
Accumulation
109
What is depleted and exhausted in the Stationary phase?
Nutrients
110
What is also exhausted in the Stationary phase?
Biological space
111
What is also accumulated in the Stationary phase?
Toxic products
112
Describe the new cells produced and the dead cells in the Stationary phase
Balanced
113
Describe the rate of growth and the rate of death in the Stationary phase
Equal
114
What is Death phase also known as?
Decline
115
What is declined in the Death phase?
Population
116
Which cells is where their population declined in the Death phase?
Viable
117
Describe the death rate in the death phase
Increased
118
What occurs in the death phase? (3 points)
Depletion
Exhaustion
Accumulation
119
What is depleted and exhausted in the Death phase?
Nutrients
120
What is accumulated in the Death phase?
Toxic products
