Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What happens to the Microorganisms in order for the microbial growth control to be affected? (2 points)
A
Killed
Growth’s inhibited
2
Q
What is being sterilized? (2 points)
A
Viable organisms
Objects
3
Q
Give an example of a feature also being sterilized in accompany with the viable organism
A
Spores
4
Q
How are the 3 sterilized?
A
Completely:
Destructed/Eliminated
5
Q
What are the 5 methods being used in sterilization procedures?
A
Physical Irradiation Filtration Chemical Gas
6
Q
What is eliminated during Disinfection?
A
Pathogenic organisms
7
Q
What feature is not eliminated which is accompany by pathogenic organisms during Disinfection?
A
Spores
8
Q
What is eliminated during Cleaning?
A
Organic materials
Dust
9
Q
Which dust is eliminated during cleaning?
A
Which interfere with:
Sterilization
Disinfection
10
Q
What is used in cleaning in order to be done?
A
Soap
Water
11
Q
Describe the soap
A
Detergent
12
Q
Order the microorganisms according to their resistance to sterilization and disinfection from the most resistant
A
Prions Spores Mycobacteria Small non-enveloped virus Fungi Large non-enveloped virus Vegetative bacteria Lipid enveloped virus
13
Q
Give an example of small non-enveloped virus
A
Polio
14
Q
Give an example of large non-enveloped virus
A
Adenovirus
15
Q
Give 2 examples of Lipid enveloped viruses
A
HBV
HIV
16
Q
What is the most living organism which is resistant to sterilization and disinfection?
A
Prions
17
Q
What are the 3 physical methods of sterilization and disinfection?
A
Heat
Irradiation
Filtration
18
Q
Describe the physical heat method of sterilization and disinfection
(5 points)
A
Safest
Efficient
Inexpensive
19
Q
What is the most viable forms that resist heat?
A
Bacterial spores
20
Q
What indicates the sterility of spores?
A
Their destruction
21
Q
What are the 2 types of Physical heat sterilization and disinfection?
A
Moist
Dry
22
Q
What is moist heat?
A
Water
23
Q
What does moist heat act by? (2 point)
A
Coagulation
Denaturation
24
Q
From where does the coagulation and denaturation obtained?
A
Microorganisms
25
How is the advantage of acting by coagulation?
Penetrable
26
Describe the 2 temperatures used in most heat
At 100 °C
| Above 100 °C
27
Describe moist heat at 100 °C
Boiling at atmospheric pressure
28
For how long does moist heat boiling at 100 °C take?
10 minutes
29
What would moist heat boiling at 100 °C
| kill?
Non-spores
30
Which non-spores are killed?
That form pathogenic microbes
31
What is used in moist heat boiling above 100 °C?
Autoclaving
32
What is Autoclaving?
Steam sterilization
33
What are the 2 types of autoclaving?
Steam under pressure
| Pressure cooker
34
What are the 2 temperatures used in autoclaving?
121 °C
| 134 °C
35
For how long does moist heat at 121°C takes?
15 minutes
36
Describe the atmospheric pressure of the moist heat at 121 °C
Double
37
For how long does moist heat at 134°C takes?
3-6 minutes
38
What is the atmospheric pressure of the moist heat at 134 °C
3
39
What would the moist heat above 100 °C
| (Auto-claving) kill?
Spores
40
Which spores are killed?
That form organisms
41
What does this apparatus frequently sterilize?
Almost anything
42
What exactly does this apparatus frequently sterilize?
| 2 points
Surgical instruments
| Linen
43
What is not frequently sterilized by this apparatus?
Heat-labile substances
44
What could happen to the heat-labile substances if they were frequently sterilized by this apparatus’s heat?
(2 points)
Denatured
| Destroyed
45
What are the 4 factors that must be considered to obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave?
Air
Sterile hot air
Steam
Surgical instruments
46
To obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave what has to be done with the air?
Elimination
47
What would happen if the air is not eliminated? (2 points)
Interferes with steam penetrability
| Reduces chamber temperature
48
What makes the sterile hot air essential?
Dry items
49
When does the sterile hot air dry items?
At the end of the cycle
50
To obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave, describe the steam (2 points)
Under pressure
| Saturated
51
What are the 4 advantages of Autoclave?
Act by coagulation
Latent heat liberation
Non-toxic
Inexpensive.
52
What is autoclave not used for?
| 5 points
```
Heat sensitive item
Powder
Mineral oil
Lubricants
Waxes
```
53
What are the 3 methods of monitoring the autoclave sterilization process
Physical
Chemical
Biological
54
What does the physical monitoring observe?
Sterilizer function
55
Give 3 examples of sterilizer function
Temperature
Pressure
Time
56
What does the chemical monitoring describe?
Indicators color change
57
How many times is biological monitoring done?
At least every week
58
What is used when monitoring biologically?
Spores
59
Describe the spores used
| 2 points
Exposed to sterilization process
| Show no growth when cultured
60
Where are spores cultured in?
Broth
61
What are the 2 methods of dry heat?
Hot air oven
| Incineration
62
What does hot air oven act by?
Oxidation
63
What is hot air oven used for?
| 2 points
Glassware
| Metals
64
What are the 2 temperature used in hot air oven?
160 °C
| 180 °C
65
For how long does hot air oven at 160 °C take?
2 hours
66
For how long does hot air oven at 180 °C take?
1 hour
67
How are organisms affected by Incineration?
Burnt
| Destroyed
68
What is Incineration used for?
| 3 points
Loops
Forceps
Hospital waste disposal
69
What are is dry heat sterilization used for? (4 points)
Waterless oil
Lubricants
Waxes
Powders
70
What are the advantages of dry heat sterilization? (2 points)
Low:
Corrosiveness
Cost
71
What are the disadvantages of dry heat sterilization? (3 points)
Long sterilization time
Causes damage to rubbers
Low penetrability
72
What is the effect of Irradiation?
| 2 points
Destruction
| Distortion
73
What does Irradiation usually destroys or distorts?
Nucleic acid
74
Give 2 examples of Irradiation
Gamma irradiation
| Beta-rays
75
Describe Filtration
Physical removal of microorganisms
76
What are the 2 forms of microorganisms which are physically removed?
Liquid
| Gas
77
Which solutions must be sterilized?
Solutions denatured by heat
78
What are the 2 filters used to sterilize solutions denatured by heat?
Millipore
| High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
79
What are Millipore filters used for?
Sterilization
80
What do Millipore filters sterilize? (2 points)
Fluid
| Antibiotics
81
What are Millipore filters made of?
Cellulose acetate
82
What is the advantages derived from having Cellulose acetate as the composition of Millipore ,to the filter?
(3 points)
Rapid
Don’t:
Absorb substance
Affect filtrate
83
What are High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter used for?
Filtration
84
What do High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter?
Air
85
Which air is filtered using High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)? (3 points)
Operating theatre
Laminar flow
Drug factories
86
What is used in Chemical method?
Ethylene oxide
87
What is used in Gas method?
Gas plasma
88
What are Ethylene oxide and Gas plasma used to sterilize ?
Heat sensitive medical devices
89
Describe Ethylene oxide
Toxic chemical
90
What does Ethylene oxide kill?
All living things
91
What are the disadvantages of using Ethylene oxide? (3 points)
Toxic
Expensive
Limited
92
What does Gas plasma system use?
Highly ionized gas
93
Describe the 2 highly ionized gases
Vapors
94
What are the 2 highly ionized gases?
Hydrogen peroxide
| Peracitic
95
Which vapor is a “phase”?
Peracitic
96
What are the by-products of hydrogen peroxide vapor?
| 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐛𝐲-𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞
Water
| Oxygen
97
In comparison with hydrogen peroxide vapor, describe peracitic vapor phase
Less damaging
98
What is the advantage of Gas plasma?
Safe
99
What is Gas plasma safe for?
| 2 points
Environment
| Health care workers
100
What are the 2 agents in which microbial growth could be controlled by?
Chemical
| Physical
101
What chemical agent is used to control the microbial growth?
Antimicrobial
102
What are the 2 Antimicrobial agents?
Antiseptics
| Disinfectants
103
What cannot be done with either agents?
Ingestion
104
Describe Antiseptics
Microbicidal
105
Where can Antiseptics be applied on?
Living tissues
106
Give 2 examples of living tissues where Antiseptics can be applied on
Skin
| Mucous membrane
107
Give an example of Antiseptics
Alcohol
108
What is the function of Disinfectants?
Kill microorganisms
109
What are not killed by Disinfectants?
Spores
110
Where are Disinfectants not used to be applied on?
Living tissues
111
Describe the application of Disinfectants on living tissues
Not safe
112
Where can Disinfectants be applied on?
Inanimate objects
113
Give 3 examples of Inanimate objects where Antiseptics can be applied on
Tables
Floors
Utensils
114
Give examples of Disinfectants
Chlorine compounds
115
What are the 3 levels of Disinfectants
High
Moderate/Intermediate
Low
116
What is High level disinfectant (HLD) used for?
Heat sensitive semi-critical item
117
Give an example of heat sensitive semi-critical item
Endoscopes
118
What is the function of High level disinfectant (HLD)?
Destruction
119
What does High level disinfectant (HLD) destroy? (4 points)
```
Vegetative bacteria
All:
Fungi
Non-lipid enveloped viruses
Lipid enveloped viruses
```
120
What is the bacteria which is destroyed by High level disinfectant (HLD) and is also a Vegetative bacteria?
Mycobacteria
121
Give 3 examples of High level disinfectant (HLD)
Glutaraldhyde
Hydrogen peroxides (H2O2)
Peracetic acid
122
What is the percentage of Glutaraldhyde for it to be considered as a High level disinfectant (HLD)?
2%
123
What are Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) and Low level disinfectant (LLD) used for?
Non-critical items
124
Give an example of a non-critical item disinfected by Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) ?
Stethoscope
125
Give 2 examples of non-critical items disinfected by Low level disinfectant (LLD)?
Surface
| Floor
126
What is Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) not effective against?
Non-lipid viruses
127
Give 4 examples of Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD)
Alcohol
Chlorine
Iodophors
Phenol
128
What is the percentage of Alcohol for it to be considered as a Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD)?
70%
129
What is Low level disinfectant (LLD) not effective against?
Spores
Non-lipid viruses
Mycobacteria
130
Give an example of Low level disinfectant (LLD)
Phenol
131
What is the classification of the 3 items of medical devices?
Critical
Semi-critical
Non-critical
132
Based on what are the 3 items of medical devices classified?
The risk of infection in patients
133
Where do critical items enter?
Sterile area
134
Give 2 examples of the sterile area
Tissue
| Cavity
135
What should critical items be sterilized by? (2 points)
Autoclave
| Ethylene oxide
136
What do semi-critical items come in contact with? (2 points)
Mucous
| Non-intact skin
137
Give 2 examples of Non-intact skin
Endoscope
| Thermometer
138
What are semi-critical items often disinfected/decontaminated by?
HLD
139
What do non-critical items come in contact with?
Skin
140
What are non-critical items often disinfected/decontaminated by?
ILD
| LLD
141
Give 3 examples of non-critical items
Blood pressure cuffs
Stethoscope
Bedpans
142
What are the 4 physical agents
Heat application
Low temperature
Drying
Ultraviolet irradiation
143
What 2 factors have to be considered in heat application?
Time
| Temperature
144
When should time and temperature be considered in heat application?
Whenever heat is used to control microbial growth
145
What are the 2 heat applications?
Boiling
| Sterilization
146
For how long does the boiling takes?
30 minutes
147
What does the boiling kill?
Everything
148
What is not killed by boiling?
Spores
149
What are the 2 sterilization methods used in heat application?
Autoclave
| Hot air over
150
What does the sterilization kill?
All micro-organisms
151
What are also killed by sterilization in accompany with all microorganisms?
Spores
152
Where is sterilization commonly employed in?
Sterile packaging procedures
153
What is used to lower the temperature?
Refrigerator
| Freezer
154
What is the condition in which most microorganisms cannot grow in?
Reduced water activity
155
What are the 4 drying methods
```
Heat
Evaporation
Freeze-drying
Addition of :
Salt
Sugar
```
156
What is used in Ultraviolet irradiations?
UV light
157
Describe Ultraviolet irradiations rays
| 3 points
Non-ionizing
Have:
Low energy
Low penetrability
158
What are Ultraviolet irradiations affected by?
Dust
159
What is this dust used for?
Reducing bacterial air count
160
Where is bacterial air count reduced in?
| 3 points
Operation rooms
Laboratory laminar flow
Hospital rooms
161
When is dust used to reduce bacterial air count in hospital rooms?
After discharging the case
162
What does this case have?
Open tuberculosis
