Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Bacteriophage
A
Viruses that Infect bacteria
2
Q
What is the unit used to measure the Bacteriophage?
A
Nanometer
3
Q
What is the length range of the Bacteriophage?
A
24-200
4
Q
What does the Bacteriophage consist of?
2 points
A
Head
Tail
5
Q
What is the Bacteriophage’s head known as?
A
Capsid
6
Q
What is the function of this head?
A
Protection
7
Q
What does this head protects?
A
Nucleic acid
8
Q
What is this nucleic acid?
A
DNA
9
Q
Which nucleic acid is rarely found in the head?
A
RNA
10
Q
Describe Bacteriophage’s Tail
A
Tube
11
Q
Describe this tube
A
Hollow
12
Q
Describe the occurrence of Bacteriophage’s Tail
A
Attached
13
Q
What is the Bacteriophage’s Tail attached to?
A
Head
14
Q
What does Bacteriophage’s Tail consist of?
3 points
A
Sheath
Base plate
Fibers
15
Q
Describe this sheath
A
Contractile
16
Q
Where is the contractile sheath in the tail?
A
Surrounds it
17
Q
Where is the base plate and the fibers at ,in the tail?
A
Its end
18
Q
Describe the occurrence of these fibers
A
Attached
19
Q
What are the fibers attached to?
A
Base plate
20
Q
What are the 3 steps of Bacteriophage when infecting host cells?
A
Adsorption
Attachment
Contraction/ Penetration
21
Q
What is the adsorption mediated by?
A
Fibers
22
Q
What is the function of these fibers?
A
Attachment
23
Q
What do these fibers attach to?
A
Receptors
24
Q
Describe these receptors
A
Specific
25
Where are these specific receptors found on?
Bacterial cell
26
What feature of the fibers is essential in a determination?
Type
27
What feature of a Bacteriophage does the type of fibers determine?
Specificity
28
What is this specificity for?
Host
29
What is the attachment of the Bacteriophage mediated by?
Base plate
30
Describe this attachment
Irreversible
31
What does the Bacteriophage attach to
Bacterium
32
What makes the contraction/penetration?
Sheath
33
What happens when the sheath contracts?
Injection
34
What is injected due to the contraction of the sheath?
Nucleic acid
35
What is this nucleic acid injected into?
Bacterial cell
36
Which 2 parts of the Bacteriophage are left empty outside?
Head
| Tail
37
What are the 2 multiplication cycles of the Bacteriophage?
Lytic
| Temperate
38
Describe the Bacteriophage in the lytic cycle
Virulent
39
What does this virulent Bacteriophage do firstly in the lytic cycle?
Multiply
40
Where does this virulent Bacteriophage multiply inside?
Bacteria
41
What does this virulent Bacteriophage then do with the bacterial cell?
Kills it
42
How does the Bacteriophage kill this bacterial cell?
Lysis
43
At which part of the lytic cycle does this Bacteriophage kill the bacterial cell by lysis?
End
44
What is the Temperate cycle also known as?
Lysogenic
45
What feature of the virus is involved in the Temperate cycle?
DNA
46
What happens to this DNA?
Integrates
47
What does this DNA integrate into?
Bacterial chromosome
48
What then happens to the DNA and the bacterial chromosome together?
Replicated
49
When does the replication of these DNA and the bacterial chromosome occur?
During cell division
50
What is not usually done by the temperate viruses?
Killing
51
What do the Temperate viruses not usually kill?
Bacterial cells
52
Describe these bacterial cells
Host
53
Which host bacterial cells are not usually killed by the Bacteriophage?
Which they infect
54
What are these infected bacteria known as in the Temperate cycle?
Lysogenic
55
What is the virus known as in this state?
Prophage
56
What does the lysogenic bacteria acquire?
Properties
57
Describe these properties
New
58
What feature of the Bacteriophage changes the properties of the bacterial cell?
Genes
59
Describe these genes
Extra
60
What is the process of changing the bacterial properties by acquiring new ones due to the Bacteriophage's new genes known as?
Lysogenic/Phage conversion
61
Describe the significance of the lysogenic/phage conversion
Clinical
62
What is produced so that the lysogenic/phage conversion could be clinically significant?
Exotoxins
63
What is an example of a bacteria that produces these exotoxins?
Corynebacterium diphtheria
64
What is the Exotoxin production by Corynebacterium diphtheria mediated by?
Gene
65
What carries this gene?
Bacteriophage
66
What property is acquired by the lysogenic bacteria?
Immunity
67
What is the lysogenic bacteria immune to?
Infection
68
What causes this infection in which the bacteria is immune to?
Another virus
69
What is the fate of the Bacteriophage in the Temperate cycle? (2 points)
Propagate
| Detach
70
Describe this propagation
Indefinite
71
What does the Bacteriophage propagate in?
Daughter cells
72
What does the Bacteriophage detach from in the Temperate cycle?
Chromosome
73
Describe this detachment (2 points)
Spontaneous
Or
Induced
74
What is this detachment induced by?
Several conditions
75
Describe the conditions which induce the detachment of Bacteriophage
Exposure
76
What are the 3 exposures which induce the detachment of Bacteriophage?
UV
Or
Radiation
Chemicals
77
Describe this radiation
Ionizing
78
Describe these chemicals
Mutagenic
79
What do Bacteriophages sometimes do while detaching?
Carry genes
80
What are these genes of?
Bacterial chromosome
81
What does the Bacteriophage carry the genes of bacterial chromosome to?
Another bacteria
82
What is the process of carrying the genes of bacterial chromosome by a Bacteriophage to another bacteria known as?
Specialized Transduction
83
What can be terminated in the fate of the Temperate cycle?
Lysogenic state
84
What is the Bacteriophage important in?
| 2 points
Typing
| Cloning
85
What is typed by the Bacteriophage?
Bacteria
86
What is this bacteria typed with? (2 points)
Reactions
| Antigens
87
Describe these reactions (2 points)
Identical
| Biochemical
88
Describe these antigens
Common
89
When is the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage usually done?
Outbreak
90
For what is the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage usually done during an outbreak?
Identification
91
What is identified due to the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage during an outbreak?
Infection
92
What feature of infection is identified due to the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage during an outbreak?
Source
93
What is an example of these infections?
Wound
94
What is the bacteria that produces this wound infection?
Staphylococcus aureus
95
Describe the cloned Bacteriophage
Vector
96
What is this vector cloned in?
Techniques
97
Which techniques is the vector cloned in?
Recombinant
