chapter 1 quiz 2 Flashcards by Drew Smith

image of the brain slide 45 quiz 2

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***which of these encompasses the other 3?peripherial nervous system

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largest portion of the brain

Cerebrum -

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outer gray matter (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia)

Cerebral Cortex

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personality, intelligence, judgement, language Posterior part of frontal lobe contains the motor cortex

frontal lobes:

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language and somatosensory

parietal lobes:

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hearing, language and smell

temporal lobes:

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interpretation of visual stimuli

occipital lobes:

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Groups of myelinated axons called tracts which convey information from one part of the brain to another

Inner White Matter -

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communicates between left and right hemispheres

corpus callosum

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Involved in control of large, automatic muscle movements and muscle tone; cells of the basal ganglia lose function with Parkinson’s disease leading to shaking, loss of facial expression and arm swing

Basal Ganglia -

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“emotional brain” - pain, pleasure, anger

Limbic System -

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Major relay station for most sensory impulses to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from spinal chord and brainstem

Diencephalon Thalamus

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Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

Both are involved in hormone secretion and storage (discuss later)

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releases hormones and is subdivided into the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary each releasing different hormones

pituitary gland

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_______ is the communication center between the endocrine system and nervous system; regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

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_______Is involved in unconscious regulation of balance and some locomotory movements such as hand-eye co-ordination

Cerebellum -

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The _______ consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

brainstem

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________ is a thickened stalk at the base of the brain which controls subconscious activities such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate

Medulla oblongata

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***Give 4 four lobes and a function for each lobe quiz question slide 48

frontal lobes: personality, intelligence, judgement, language Posterior part of frontal lobe contains the motor cortex

parietal lobes: language and somatosensory

temporal lobes: hearing, language and smell

occipital lobes: interpretation of visual stimuli

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______are fast, automatic, pre-programmed responses to internal or external stimuli

Reflexes

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_______ are the most basic form of response to stimuli and do not require brain input

Spinal reflexes

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2 Examples of Reflexes:

Somatic Reflexes Autonomic Reflexes

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______ tough, superficial layer containing venous sinuses draining the brain

Dura Mater -

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_____middle layer, beneath which is found cerebrospinal fluid (in the subarachnoid space)

Arachnoid -

_______delicate layer with blood capillaries adhering to the brain’s surface

Pia Mater -

_______(afferent neurons) convey information from sense organs of the skin , head, body wall and extremities

Somatic sensory neurons

___________ (efferent neurons) convey information to skeletal muscles only, therefore responses are voluntary (conscious)

Somatic motor neurons

________ (afferent neurons) conduct information from receptors of the viscera (internal organs) to the central nervous system

Visceral sensory neurons

_______ (efferent neurons) conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Visceral motor neurons

_______ divisions of the autonomic nervous system work together to maintain homeostasis (feedback systems)

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

_______Nerve impulses of this division promote energy expenditure ie. fight-or-flight-or-freeze response

Sympathetic Division

nerves arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord ________

(thoracolumbar outflow)

Nerve impulses from this division promote energy conservation, relaxation response ie. rest and digest / feed and breed

Parasympathetic Division

nerves arise directly from the brain and from the sacral region of the spinal cord ______

(craniosacral outflow)

an important parasympathetic nerve is the ______

vagus nerve

Motor neurons of the ENS innervate the gut wall and stimulate ____________ and innervate glands to regulate production of secretions or gut hormones

smooth muscle contractions

______ arise from the brain directly and do not travel in the spinal cord

Cranial nerves

_______are bundles of axons (both sensory and motor) surrounded by connective tissue coverings

Nerves

Learn the names and numbers (Roman numerals) of the 12 pairs of nerves

Nerve Name Some Functions I olfactory nerve smell II optic nerve vision III oculomotor nerve pupil diameter, eyeball muscles IV trochlear nerve innervates a single eyeball muscle V trigeminal nerve chewing, sensation in face VI abducens nerve innervates a single eyeball muscle VII facial nerve facial expression, taste VIII vestibulocochlear nerve hearing and equilibrium IX glossopharyngeal nerve taste X vagus nerve parasympathetic to viscera XI accessory nerve muscles of the shoulder and neck XII hypoglossal nerve tongue

Spinal nerves from the spinal cord there are _____ pairs

Nerves branch when they leave the spinal cord, called ____

rami

supplies dorsal portions of trunk

dorsal rami –

supplies ventral portions of trunk and limbs

ventral rami –

autonomic nervous system branches

rami communicantes

________ supplies vertebral column components

meningeal branch -

_____ are networks of ventral rami that join with adjacent ventral rami to form the final nerves that supply skeletal muscles and glands

Plexuses

_______Progressive senile dementia due to widespread deterioration of brain tissue with a variety of signs

Alzheimer’s Disease

_______Central nervous system degeneration of motor neurons only

Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

_______Flaccid paralysis of one half of the face due to inflammation or damage to the facial (VII) nerve

Bell’s Palsy

_______Irritation of the median nerve in the wrist where it passes under the transverse carpal ligament

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

_______A group of disorders diagnosed in early childhood characterized by impaired motor function and possible cognitive and sensory dysfunction

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

_______ deprivation of oxygen to brain tissue associated with blood clots that dislodged from another location called emboli

Ischemic Stroke -

________due to bleeding in the brain associated with a ruptured artery – aneurysm

Hemorrhagic Stroke -

_______Chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are excessive discharges in cerebral neurons leading to transient impairment or loss of consciousness

Epilepsy

______are unilateral, throbbing headaches associated with vascular changes within the brain brought on by different triggers

Migraines

_______are usually bilateral and steadily painful and respond well to massage

Tension headaches

______Protrusion of the intervertebral disk which puts pressure on the nerve root or other structures

Herniated Disc

________Reoccurrence of the virus that causes chicken pox which had laid dormant in cell bodies of sensory neurons of one nerve until the immune system is compromised

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

_______Inflammation of the coverings of the brain or spinal cord caused by bacteria or viruses

Meningitis

_______Autoimmune attack of the myelin covering of motor and sensory axons within the central nervous system

Multiple Sclerosis

________Progressive degeneration of dopamine (neurotransmitter) liberating cells (of the substantia nigra in the midbrain) that act on the basal ganglia

Parkinson’s Disease

_______Usually bilateral damage to peripheral nerves leading to stocking and glove loss of sensation (paresthesia) or burning (dysesthesia) and loss of movement (paralysis)

Peripheral Neuropathy

______Viral infection of motor neurons in the spinal cord leading to weak muscles and possibly paralysis; had pretty much been eradicated due to polio vaccines. Was making a comeback, and is again being pruned back, only 3 countries in the world have active polio cases in the last three years

Polio

_____ Many people who had polio recover as unaffected motor neurons grew new axon collaterals to the muscles that lost their motor neurons

Post-Polio Syndrome

______ Many different sleep disorders including insomnia, sleep apnea (stop breathing), restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy (fall asleep at inappropriate times), circadian rhythm disruption (shift work)

Sleep Disorders

________Temporary loss of blood supply to fingers, toes, nose, ears or lips leading to color changes in the skin and possible numbness or tingling

Raynaud’s Syndrome

_______Injuries to the vertebral column and/or spinal cord which lead to complete or incomplete loss of motor, sensory and/or autonomic function at the level of the lesion and below

Spinal Cord Injuries

_______ (paralysis of arms and legs) if spinal cord severed T1 or above

Quadriplegia

______ (paralysis of legs only) if spinal cord severed T2 or below massage indicated if sensation intact

Paraplegia

______An entrapment syndrome involving pressure on the brachial plexus and possibly the subclavian artery

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

basal ganglia death is associated with

parkisons disease

hippocamp in french

seahorse

oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ahh

__pairs of cervical nerves __ pairs of thoracic nerves ___ pairs of lumbar nerves __ pairs of sacral nerves __ pair coccygeal

8, 12, 5, 5, 1