endocrine system part 1 Flashcards by Drew Smith

______ typically receive information from another neuron via neurotransmitters and in turn release neurotransmitters to excite another neuron or an effector cell

Neurons

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________receive information in the form of a chemical messenger in the blood which causes the endocrine cell to secrete its own specific hormonal signal into the blood

Endocrine Cells

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_________ function as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system, directly stimulated by nerve cells but secrete hormones into the blood

Neuroendocrine Cells

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Hormones are secreted into the blood and are ____________ in the body

carried to nearly every cell

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_______ are chemical messengers secreted by glands into the circulatory system in very low quantities and upon reaching the target cells elicit a response

Hormones

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____ secrete substances into ducts which then empty into lumens or onto body surfaces

Exocrine Glands:

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________: lack ducts and their products are released into interstitial fluid, diffuse into blood and travel throughout the body

Endocrine Glands

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__________ are transported through blood to distant target cells, and are called endocrine hormones

Circulating Hormones

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________are released very close to their target cells and diffuse through the interstitial fluid to the target cell without entering the blood

Local Hormones

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________local hormones which act on the same cell which secreted them

autocrine:

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_______ acts on neighboring cells

paracrine:

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______are derived from cholesterol and are thus lipids (ie. fat soluble) and cross the phospholipid bilayer easily

Steroids

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______are simple derivatives of amino acids
Examples: thyroid hormones (from thyroid gland), epinephrine and norepinephrine (from adrenal medulla)

Amines

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______consist of chains of amino acids (varying lengths), some are glycoproteins
Examples: insulin (pancreas), pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones

peptides and proteins

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______ are derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid called arachiodonic acid and act as paracrine or autocrine hormones in most tissues of the body

Eicosanoids

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_________ promote inflammation and participate in allergic reactions

leukotrienes

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***_______ promote inflammation, regulate body temperature, influence blood clot formation

prostaglandins

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______ alters or degrades many hormones, especially steroids

The liver

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Many peptide hormones are taken up and degraded by the _______

kidney

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Fast acting hormones (such as epinephrine) are inactivated by specific ___________ and are then rapidly excreted in the urine

degrading enzymes circulating in the blood

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Many of the larger peptide hormones (i.e. insulin) are ____________

degraded within their target cells

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_______ receptors in nucleus on genes

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

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________ receptors on cell membrane

Water-Soluble Hormones

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______target cells of a certain hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone

Only

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__________: when a hormone is present in excess, the number of receptors may decrease. Down regulation can sometimes prevent overstimulation of a gland or tissue

Down Regulation

________ when a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase. Up regulation makes a target tissue more sensitive to a hormone

Up Regulation:

_________ to another hormone enhances the response of the target cell to a second hormone, possibly by increasing the numbers of receptor molecules

Previous exposure

______ two or more hormones interact to produce the effect

Synergistic Effect

________ two hormones have the opposite effect on the target cells

Antagonistic Effect

_____ increases glucose conversion to glycogen in the liver

insulin

_____ increases glycogen breakdown into glucose

glucagon

________ is located in the brain, and is the master controller involved in maintaining homeostasis

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus responds by transmitting signals to other neurons in the CNS and/or by the production of hormones by _________

neurosecretory / neuroendocrine cells

_________ that stimulate the release of a particular anterior pituitary hormone

Releasing Hormones

________ which reduce secretion of the particular hormone

Inhibiting Hormones

___________ is smaller than the anterior portion. It forms from an outgrowth of the developing hypothalamus, and is therefore derived from ectoderm destined to become nervous tissue

Posterior Pituitary Gland

___________ located in the hypothalamus, hormones produced there are transported down the axons to secretory vesicles located in the swollen synaptic end bulbs of the axon found in the posterior pituitary

neurosecretory / neuroendocrine cells

This is an example of a ___________whereby the sensory input is neural, but the output is endocrine (hormone)

neuroendocrine reflex

_________ is a cause of hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) and

Graves’ disease

_________ (protruding eyes)

exophthalmos

congenital hypothyroidism (low secretion) in children can lead to _______

cretinism

hypothyroidism in adults can be due to ___________ which is an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland itself, leading to decreased secretion of hormone

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

iodine deficiency can lead to _____

goiter

PTH secretion is stimulated by _________calcium ion levels

low blood

It increases the activity of osteoclasts, and therefore promotes the _________ to release calcium and phosphates ions into the blood

breakdown of bone

milk secretion + ejection = _____

lactation

Nerve cell function depends on calcium ion levels & calcium ions needed for _____

clotting

________ derived from mesoderm; produces steroid hormones

adrenal cortex -

________- the secretory chromaffin cells are enlarged synaptic end bulbs of neurons of sympathetic nervous system – involved in Fight or Flight response

adrenal medulla

secrete the hormones ______ and _______ into blood rather than neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Mainly________ which acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of sodium ions into blood

aldosterone

Control of secretion involves the _________ (kidney autoregulation)

renin-angiotensin pathway

_______Due to hypersecretion of aldosterone

Aldosteronism

Excessive sodium and water retention can lead to ____________

increased blood volume and blood pressure

_____________ Targets are the liver and rest of the body especially immune system

Cortisol, Corticosterone, Cortisone

__________ (Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency) Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone due to atrophy of adrenal cortex (autoimmune, infection or tumors)

Addison’s Disease

_________ hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to tumor of anterior pituitary which produces excessive amounts ACTC, symptoms same as below

Cushing’s Disease -

____________ hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to tumor of adrenal cortex, or long term glucocorticoid use for immune suppression

Cushing’s Syndrome -

_______ Male sex hormones

Androgens -

_______(Dehydroepiandrosterone) secretion is mainly stimulated by ACTH

DHEA

______ or development of facial and body hair

hirsutism

______or masculinization

virilism

The secretory chromaffin cells are enlarged synaptic end bulbs of neurons of sympathetic nervous system Secrete the hormones _______ and _______ (also called adrenalin and noradrenalin) into blood rather than neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions

epinephrine and norepinephrine

These hormones epinephrine are released very quickly because the adrenal medulla is directly innervated by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system _______

Fight or Flight response

_______ produce ______ hormone which raises blood sugar levels by

alpha cells, glucagon

alpha cells produce glucagon hormone which raises blood sugar levels by increasing what 2 things?

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

this hormone (glucagon) acts on the ____ glucogon also enhances release of glucose from cells into the blood

liver

_______ produce insulin which lowers blood sugar levels by acting on various cells of the body

beta cells

Disorders associated with pancreatic islet disfunction include ________

diabetes mellitus

Loss of beta cells leads to high glucose levels or __________, where excess glucose is eliminated in the urine

hyperglycemia

________of diabeetus are excessive urination, excessive thirst and excessive eating

Three symptoms

Beetus- cardiovascular problems including _________ (damage to capillaries) which in turn can lead to ischemia and gangrene resulting in limb amputation

microangiopathy

_________ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; appears to be due to an autoimmune response whereby the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

type I diabetes mellitus

________ more common than type I; associated with obesity even in children; characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency

type II diabetes mellitus